Any process that decreases the rate or frequency of phosphatase activity. Phosphatases catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphoric monoesters, releasing inorganic phosphate.

The multiplication or reproduction of endothelial cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. Endothelial cells are thin flattened cells which line the inside surfaces of body cavities, blood vessels, and lymph vessels, making up the endothelium.

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments. Includes processes that control the spatial distribution of actin filaments, such as organizing filaments into meshworks, bundles, or other structures, as by cross-linking.

The vesicular release of classical neurotransmitter molecules from a neuron, across a chemical synapse, the subsequent activation of neurotransmitter receptors of a target cell (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) and the effects of this activation on the postsynaptic membrane potential and ionic composition of the postsynaptic cytosol. This process encompasses both spontaneous and evoked release of neurotransmitter and all parts of synaptic vesicle exocytosis. Evoked transmission starts with the arrival of an action potential at the presynapse.

The vesicular release of classical neurotransmitter molecules from a neuron, across a chemical synapse, the subsequent activation of neurotransmitter receptors of a target cell (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) and the effects of this activation on the postsynaptic membrane potential and ionic composition of the postsynaptic cytosol. This process encompasses both spontaneous and evoked release of neurotransmitter and all parts of synaptic vesicle exocytosis. Evoked transmission starts with the arrival of an action potential at the presynapse.

Any process that decreases the rate or frequency of phosphatase activity. Phosphatases catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphoric monoesters, releasing inorganic phosphate.

The attachment of one cell to another cell via adhesion molecules, where both cells are part of the same organism.

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of actin-based cytoskeletal structures in the cell cortex, i.e. just beneath the plasma membrane.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of progression through the mitotic cell cycle.

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a synapse, the junction between a neuron and a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell).

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.

A cell cycle process that sets the alignment of mitotic spindle relative to other cellular structures.

The process involved in the specification of cell identity. Once specification has taken place, a cell will be committed to differentiate down a specific pathway if left in its normal environment.

Coordinated organization of groups of cells in the plane of an epithelium, such that they all orient to similar coordinates.

The morphogenetic process in which the anatomical structures of a polarized epithelium are generated and organized. A polarized epithelium is an epithelium where the epithelial sheet is oriented with respect to the planar axis.

The process in which the anatomical structures of epithelia are generated and organized. An epithelium consists of closely packed cells arranged in one or more layers, that covers the outer surfaces of the body or lines any internal cavity or tube.

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures.

The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules.

Any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, the oocyte pole plasm. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.

The process during Drosophila embryogenesis whereby the ectodermal cells of the lateral epithelium stretch in a coordinated fashion to internalize the amnioserosa cells and close the embryo dorsally.

The process during Drosophila embryogenesis whereby the ectodermal cells of the lateral epithelium stretch in a coordinated fashion to internalize the amnioserosa cells and close the embryo dorsally.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state.

The behavioral interactions between organisms for the purpose of mating, or sexual reproduction resulting in the formation of zygotes.

The behavior of a male, for the purpose of attracting a sexual partner. An example of this process is found in Drosophila melanogaster.

Any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location.

Any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location.

Any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location such that it is distributed asymmetrically.

Any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location such that it is distributed asymmetrically.

The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell proliferation.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the Notch signaling pathway.

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of glucose metabolism. Glucose metabolic processes are the chemical reactions and pathways involving glucose, the aldohexose gluco-hexose.

Any cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of anisotropic intracellular organization of epithelial cells in an embryo.

The process in which the anatomical structures of a follicular epithelium are generated and organized.

Any cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of a polarized follicular epithelial sheet.

The process in which the anatomical structures of a larval imaginal disc epithelium are generated and organized.

Any cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of a polarized larval imaginal disc epithelium.

Any cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of a polarized larval imaginal disc epithelium.

The series of events required for an organism to receive a painful stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Pain is medically defined as the physical sensation of discomfort or distress caused by injury or illness, so can hence be described as a harmful stimulus which signals current (or impending) tissue damage. Pain may come from extremes of temperature, mechanical damage, electricity or from noxious chemical substances. This is a neurological process.

The assembly of a septate junction, an intercellular junction found in invertebrate epithelia that is characterized by a ladder like appearance in electron micrographs and thought to provide structural strength and to provide a barrier to diffusion of solutes through the intercellular space.

The process that occurs during oogenesis involving the ovarian follicle cells, somatic cells which surround the germ cells of an ovary. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.

Any process that regulates the frequency, rate or extent of border cell delamination.

Polarization of the follicle cells of an insect ovary along the anterior/posterior axis.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway activity.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation.

The directed movement of a motile cell or organism in response to gravity.

The receptor metabolic process that results in grouping of a set of receptors at a cellular location, often to amplify the sensitivity of a signaling response.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of potassium ions (K+) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

The process in which voltage-gated ion channels become localized to distinct subcellular domains in the neuron. Specific targeting, clustering, and maintenance of these channels in their respective domains are essential to achieve high conduction velocities of action potential propagation.

Any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a specific asymmetric distribution, resulting in the formation of daughter cells of different types.

Any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, basal regions of the cell.

Any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, basal regions of the cell.

Any cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of the apicobasal polarity of a neuroblast cell, a progenitor of the central nervous system.

Any cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of the apicobasal polarity of an epithelial cell.

Any cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of the apicobasal polarity of an epithelial cell.

Any cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of the apicobasal polarity of an epithelial cell.

The rhythm of the locomotor activity of an organism during its 24 hour activity cycle.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of synaptic growth at neuromuscular junction.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the JAK-STAT signaling pathway.

The directed movement of a cell or organism towards a source of light.

Any process that results in a change in the behavior of an organism as a result of an ethanol stimulus.

The growth of a synapse at a neuromuscular junction, the site of apposition of a motor end plate and the subneural cleft of the skeletal muscle fiber that it innervates.

Any process that set the alignment of spindle relative to other cellular structures.

Any process that modulates the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle.

The commitment of cells to specific cell fates and their capacity to differentiate into particular kinds of cells within a field of cells that will exhibit a certain pattern of differentiation. Positional information is established through protein signals that emanate from a localized source within a developmental field resulting in specification of a cell type. Those signals are then interpreted in a cell-autonomous manner resulting in the determination of the cell type.

The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins.

An electron dense network of proteins within and adjacent to the postsynaptic membrane in asymetric synapses. Its major components include neurotransmitter receptors and the proteins that spatially and functionally organize them such as anchoring and scaffolding molecules, signaling enzymes and cytoskeletal components.

An electron dense network of proteins within and adjacent to the postsynaptic membrane in asymetric synapses. Its major components include neurotransmitter receptors and the proteins that spatially and functionally organize them such as anchoring and scaffolding molecules, signaling enzymes and cytoskeletal components.

All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures.

The region of the plasma membrane that includes the basal end and sides of the cell. Often used in reference to animal polarized epithelial membranes, where the basal membrane is the part attached to the extracellular matrix, or in plant cells, where the basal membrane is defined with respect to the zygotic axis.

The portion of a neuron that includes the nucleus, but excludes cell projections such as axons and dendrites.

A region of an axon near a node of Ranvier that is between the paranode and internode regions.

The junction between a nerve fiber of one neuron and another neuron, muscle fiber or glial cell. As the nerve fiber approaches the synapse it enlarges into a specialized structure, the presynaptic nerve ending, which contains mitochondria and synaptic vesicles. At the tip of the nerve ending is the presynaptic membrane; facing it, and separated from it by a minute cleft (the synaptic cleft) is a specialized area of membrane on the receiving cell, known as the postsynaptic membrane. In response to the arrival of nerve impulses, the presynaptic nerve ending secretes molecules of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft. These diffuse across the cleft and transmit the signal to the postsynaptic membrane.

A specialized area of membrane facing the presynaptic membrane on the tip of the nerve ending and separated from it by a minute cleft (the synaptic cleft). Neurotransmitters cross the synaptic cleft and transmit the signal to the postsynaptic membrane.

That part of a multicellular organism outside the cells proper, usually taken to be outside the plasma membranes, and occupied by fluid.

The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes.

The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins.

The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins.

Thin cylindrical membrane-covered projections on the surface of an animal cell containing a core bundle of actin filaments. Present in especially large numbers on the absorptive surface of intestinal cells.

A cell junction that forms a connection between two or more cells in a multicellular organism; excludes direct cytoplasmic junctions such as ring canals.

A cell-cell junction that forms a continuous band around each cell in an epithelium; within the septate junction the membranes of adjacent cells maintain a constant distance of approximately 15 nm; found in invertebrates.

A cell-cell junction that forms a continuous band around each cell in an epithelium; within the septate junction the membranes of adjacent cells maintain a constant distance of approximately 15 nm; found in invertebrates.

A cell-cell junction that forms a continuous band around each cell in an epithelium; within the septate junction the membranes of adjacent cells maintain a constant distance of approximately 15 nm; found in invertebrates.

A septate junction that lacks the regular arrays of electron-dense septae found in pleated septate junctions.

An occluding cell-cell junction that is composed of a branching network of sealing strands that completely encircles the apical end of each cell in an epithelial sheet; the outer leaflets of the two interacting plasma membranes are seen to be tightly apposed where sealing strands are present. Each sealing strand is composed of a long row of transmembrane adhesion proteins embedded in each of the two interacting plasma membranes.

The region of a cell that lies just beneath the plasma membrane and often, but not always, contains a network of actin filaments and associated proteins.

The region of the plasma membrane located at the basal end of the cell. Often used in reference to animal polarized epithelial membranes, where the basal membrane is the part attached to the extracellular matrix, or in plant cells, where the basal membrane is defined with respect to the zygotic axis.

A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it.

A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it.

The region of the plasma membrane that includes the basal end and sides of the cell. Often used in reference to animal polarized epithelial membranes, where the basal membrane is the part attached to the extracellular matrix, or in plant cells, where the basal membrane is defined with respect to the zygotic axis.

The region of the plasma membrane that includes the basal end and sides of the cell. Often used in reference to animal polarized epithelial membranes, where the basal membrane is the part attached to the extracellular matrix, or in plant cells, where the basal membrane is defined with respect to the zygotic axis.

The apical end of the lateral plasma membrane of epithelial cells.

The portion of the plasma membrane at the lateral side of the cell. In epithelial cells, lateral plasma membranes are on the sides of cells which lie at the interface of adjacent cells.

A cellular component that forms a specialized region of connection between two or more cells or between a cell and the extracellular matrix. At a cell junction, anchoring proteins extend through the plasma membrane to link cytoskeletal proteins in one cell to cytoskeletal proteins in neighboring cells or to proteins in the extracellular matrix.

Invagination of the plasma membrane of a muscle cell that extends inward from the cell surface around each myofibril. The ends of T-tubules make contact with the sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane.

A neuron projection that has a short, tapering, often branched, morphology, receives and integrates signals from other neurons or from sensory stimuli, and conducts a nerve impulse towards the axon or the cell body. In most neurons, the impulse is conveyed from dendrites to axon via the cell body, but in some types of unipolar neuron, the impulse does not travel via the cell body.

The migrating motile tip of a growing nerve cell axon or dendrite.

The junction between the axon of a motor neuron and a muscle fiber. In response to the arrival of action potentials, the presynaptic button releases molecules of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft. These diffuse across the cleft and transmit the signal to the postsynaptic membrane of the muscle fiber, leading to a change in post-synaptic potential.

An assembly of four or five subunits which form a structure with an extracellular N-terminus and a large loop that together form the ligand binding domain. The C-terminus is intracellular. The ionotropic glutamate receptor complex itself acts as a ligand gated ion channel; on binding glutamate, charged ions pass through a channel in the center of the receptor complex. The AMPA receptors mediate fast synaptic transmission in the CNS and are composed of subunits GluR1-4, products from separate genes. These subunits have an extracellular N-terminus and an intracellular C-terminus.

An axon part that is located adjacent to the nodes of Ranvier and surrounded by lateral loop portions of myelin sheath.

A specialized area of membrane of the axon terminal that faces the plasma membrane of the neuron or muscle fiber with which the axon terminal establishes a synaptic junction; many synaptic junctions exhibit structural presynaptic characteristics, such as conical, electron-dense internal protrusions, that distinguish it from the remainder of the axon plasma membrane.

A prolongation or process extending from a nerve cell, e.g. an axon or dendrite.

Terminal inflated portion of the axon, containing the specialized apparatus necessary to release neurotransmitters. The axon terminus is considered to be the whole region of thickening and the terminal bouton is a specialized region of it.

Cylindric portion of the dendrite, directly stemming from the perikaryon, and carrying the dendritic spines.

A region of an axon near a node of Ranvier that is between the paranode and internode regions.

The region that lies just beneath the plasma membrane on the apical edge of a cell.

The junction between a nerve fiber of one neuron and another neuron, muscle fiber or glial cell. As the nerve fiber approaches the synapse it enlarges into a specialized structure, the presynaptic nerve ending, which contains mitochondria and synaptic vesicles. At the tip of the nerve ending is the presynaptic membrane; facing it, and separated from it by a minute cleft (the synaptic cleft) is a specialized area of membrane on the receiving cell, known as the postsynaptic membrane. In response to the arrival of nerve impulses, the presynaptic nerve ending secretes molecules of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft. These diffuse across the cleft and transmit the signal to the postsynaptic membrane.

A specialized area of membrane facing the presynaptic membrane on the tip of the nerve ending and separated from it by a minute cleft (the synaptic cleft). Neurotransmitters cross the synaptic cleft and transmit the signal to the postsynaptic membrane.

Cytoplasm situated near, or occurring around, the nucleus.

Terminal inflated portion of the axon of a glutamatergic neuron, containing the specialized apparatus necessary to release neurotransmitters that will induce the contraction of muscle. The axon terminus is considered to be the whole region of thickening and the terminal bouton is a specialized region of it.

Terminal inflated portion of the axon of a glutamatergic neuron, containing the specialized apparatus necessary for the tonic release neurotransmitters that will induce the contraction of muscle. Type Ib terminal boutons are larger than type Is terminal boutons.

An specialized occluding junction where three epithelial cells meet. It is composed of a branching network of sealing strands that run perpendicularly to the bicellular tight junction at the point of contact between three epithelial cells in an epithelial sheet.

An elaborate tubulolamellar membrane system that underlies the postsynaptic cell membrane.