The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the metanephros over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In mammals, the metanephros is the excretory organ of the fetus, which develops into the mature kidney and is formed from the rear portion of the nephrogenic cord. The metanephros is an endocrine and metabolic organ that filters the blood and excretes the end products of body metabolism in the form of urine.

The directed killing of a target cell by a T cell through the release of granules containing cytotoxic mediators or through the engagement of death receptors.

The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately leading to the activation, perpetuation, or inhibition of an immune response.

Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell proliferation.

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA). This includes the production of an RNA transcript as well as any processing to produce a mature RNA product or an mRNA or circRNA (for protein-coding genes) and the translation of that mRNA or circRNA into protein. Protein maturation is included when required to form an active form of a product from an inactive precursor form.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell migration.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of neuropeptides. Neuropeptides are signaling peptides that travel across a synaptic junction.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of the peptide bradykinin.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell migration.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a retinoic acid stimulus.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process.

Any process involved in the maintenance of a steady-state level of the surface-active lipoprotein mixture which coats the alveoli.

Any process that activates or increases angiogenesis.

The process in which a lung bud bifurcates.

An intracellular protein kinase cascade containing at least ERK1 or ERK2 (MAPKs), a MEK (a MAPKK) and a MAP3K. The cascade may involve 4 different kinases, as it can also contain an additional tier: the upstream MAP4K. The kinases in each tier phosphorylate and activate the kinase in the downstream tier to transmit a signal within a cell.

The hydrolysis of proteins into smaller polypeptides and/or amino acids by cleavage of their peptide bonds.

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of peptidase activity, the hydrolysis of peptide bonds within proteins.

The proteolytic processing of an inactive enzyme to an active form.

Any process that decreases the stability of a protein, making it more vulnerable to degradative processes or aggregation.

The proteolytic cleavage of a transmembrane protein leading to the release of its intracellular or ecto-domains.

Any process that decreases the stability of a protein, making it more vulnerable to degradative processes or aggregation.

A change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a thyroid hormone stimulus.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the metanephros over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In mammals, the metanephros is the excretory organ of the fetus, which develops into the mature kidney and is formed from the rear portion of the nephrogenic cord. The metanephros is an endocrine and metabolic organ that filters the blood and excretes the end products of body metabolism in the form of urine.

The directed killing of a target cell by a T cell through the release of granules containing cytotoxic mediators or through the engagement of death receptors.

An immune response mediated by cells expressing specific receptors for antigen produced through a somatic diversification process, and allowing for an enhanced secondary response to subsequent exposures to the same antigen (immunological memory).

The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately leading to the activation, perpetuation, or inhibition of an immune response.

The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately leading to the activation, perpetuation, or inhibition of an immune response.

The hydrolysis of proteins into smaller polypeptides and/or amino acids by cleavage of their peptide bonds.

The hydrolysis of proteins into smaller polypeptides and/or amino acids by cleavage of their peptide bonds.

The hydrolysis of proteins into smaller polypeptides and/or amino acids by cleavage of their peptide bonds.

The hydrolysis of proteins into smaller polypeptides and/or amino acids by cleavage of their peptide bonds.

The hydrolysis of proteins into smaller polypeptides and/or amino acids by cleavage of their peptide bonds.

The process of formation of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis.

Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell proliferation.

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA). This includes the production of an RNA transcript as well as any processing to produce a mature RNA product or an mRNA or circRNA (for protein-coding genes) and the translation of that mRNA or circRNA into protein. Protein maturation is included when required to form an active form of a product from an inactive precursor form.

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA). This includes the production of an RNA transcript as well as any processing to produce a mature RNA product or an mRNA or circRNA (for protein-coding genes) and the translation of that mRNA or circRNA into protein. Protein maturation is included when required to form an active form of a product from an inactive precursor form.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell migration.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of neuropeptides. Neuropeptides are signaling peptides that travel across a synaptic junction.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of neuropeptides. Neuropeptides are signaling peptides that travel across a synaptic junction.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of the peptide bradykinin.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of the peptide bradykinin.

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of peptidase activity, the hydrolysis of peptide bonds within proteins.

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of peptidase activity, the hydrolysis of peptide bonds within proteins.

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of peptidase activity, the hydrolysis of peptide bonds within proteins.

The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses antigen (peptide or lipid) on its cell surface in association with an MHC protein complex.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell migration.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell migration.

The proteolytic processing of an inactive enzyme to an active form.

The proteolytic processing of an inactive enzyme to an active form.

The proteolytic processing of an inactive enzyme to an active form.

Any process that decreases the stability of a protein, making it more vulnerable to degradative processes or aggregation.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a retinoic acid stimulus.

The proteolytic cleavage of a transmembrane protein leading to the release of its intracellular or ecto-domains.

The proteolytic cleavage of a transmembrane protein leading to the release of its intracellular or ecto-domains.

The proteolytic cleavage of a transmembrane protein leading to the release of its intracellular or ecto-domains.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process.

Any process involved in the maintenance of a steady-state level of the surface-active lipoprotein mixture which coats the alveoli.

Any process involved in the maintenance of a steady-state level of the surface-active lipoprotein mixture which coats the alveoli.

The regulated exocytosis of secretory granules containing preformed mediators such as proteases, lipases, and inflammatory mediators by a neutrophil.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving a specific protein, rather than of proteins in general, occurring at the level of an individual cell. Includes cellular protein modification.

Any process that activates or increases angiogenesis.

The process in which a lung bud bifurcates.

An intracellular protein kinase cascade containing at least ERK1 or ERK2 (MAPKs), a MEK (a MAPKK) and a MAP3K. The cascade may involve 4 different kinases, as it can also contain an additional tier: the upstream MAP4K. The kinases in each tier phosphorylate and activate the kinase in the downstream tier to transmit a signal within a cell.

An intracellular protein kinase cascade containing at least ERK1 or ERK2 (MAPKs), a MEK (a MAPKK) and a MAP3K. The cascade may involve 4 different kinases, as it can also contain an additional tier: the upstream MAP4K. The kinases in each tier phosphorylate and activate the kinase in the downstream tier to transmit a signal within a cell.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an odorant stimulus. An odorant is any substance capable of stimulating the sense of smell.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic signaling pathway.

That part of a multicellular organism outside the cells proper, usually taken to be outside the plasma membranes, and occupied by fluid.

A small lytic vacuole that has cell cycle-independent morphology and is found in most animal cells and that contains a variety of hydrolases, most of which have their maximal activities in the pH range 5-6. The contained enzymes display latency if properly isolated. About 40 different lysosomal hydrolases are known and lysosomes have a great variety of morphologies and functions.

The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes.

A specialized secretory organelle found in type II pneumocytes and involved in the synthesis, secretion, and reutilization of pulmonary surfactant.

That part of a multicellular organism outside the cells proper, usually taken to be outside the plasma membranes, and occupied by fluid.

A small lytic vacuole that has cell cycle-independent morphology and is found in most animal cells and that contains a variety of hydrolases, most of which have their maximal activities in the pH range 5-6. The contained enzymes display latency if properly isolated. About 40 different lysosomal hydrolases are known and lysosomes have a great variety of morphologies and functions.

The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes.

A ribonucleoprotein granule located in the cytoplasm.

Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, bounded by a single or double lipid bilayer membrane and occurring within the cell. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, and vesicles. Excludes the plasma membrane.

A specialized secretory organelle found in type II pneumocytes and involved in the synthesis, secretion, and reutilization of pulmonary surfactant.

A supramolecular fiber found in the flagella of mammalian sperm that surrounds the nine microtubule doublets. These dense fibers are stiff and noncontractile. In human, they consist of about 10 major and at least 15 minor proteins, where all major proteins are ODF1, ODF2 or ODF2-related proteins.

A supramolecular fiber found in the flagella of mammalian sperm that surrounds the nine microtubule doublets. These dense fibers are stiff and noncontractile. In human, they consist of about 10 major and at least 15 minor proteins, where all major proteins are ODF1, ODF2 or ODF2-related proteins.

A structure in the head of a spermatozoon that contains acid hydrolases, and is concerned with the breakdown of the outer membrane of the ovum during fertilization. It lies just beneath the plasma membrane and is derived from the lysosome.

A structure in the head of a spermatozoon that contains acid hydrolases, and is concerned with the breakdown of the outer membrane of the ovum during fertilization. It lies just beneath the plasma membrane and is derived from the lysosome.

The space external to the outermost structure of a cell. For cells without external protective or external encapsulating structures this refers to space outside of the plasma membrane. This term covers the host cell environment outside an intracellular parasite.

That part of a multicellular organism outside the cells proper, usually taken to be outside the plasma membranes, and occupied by fluid.

That part of a multicellular organism outside the cells proper, usually taken to be outside the plasma membranes, and occupied by fluid.

A small lytic vacuole that has cell cycle-independent morphology and is found in most animal cells and that contains a variety of hydrolases, most of which have their maximal activities in the pH range 5-6. The contained enzymes display latency if properly isolated. About 40 different lysosomal hydrolases are known and lysosomes have a great variety of morphologies and functions.

The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes.

The bundle of microtubules and associated proteins that forms the core of cilia (also called flagella) in eukaryotic cells and is responsible for their movements.

The bundle of microtubules and associated proteins that forms the core of cilia (also called flagella) in eukaryotic cells and is responsible for their movements.

The volume enclosed by the membrane of a secretory granule.

A ribonucleoprotein granule located in the cytoplasm.

Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, bounded by a single or double lipid bilayer membrane and occurring within the cell. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, and vesicles. Excludes the plasma membrane.

An extracellular matrix consisting mainly of proteins (especially collagen) and glycosaminoglycans (mostly as proteoglycans) that provides not only essential physical scaffolding for the cellular constituents but can also initiate crucial biochemical and biomechanical cues required for tissue morphogenesis, differentiation and homeostasis. The components are secreted by cells in the vicinity and form a sheet underlying or overlying cells such as endothelial and epithelial cells.

A vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. Extracellular exosomes, also simply called exosomes, have a diameter of about 40-100 nm.

A specialized secretory organelle found in type II pneumocytes and involved in the synthesis, secretion, and reutilization of pulmonary surfactant.

The volume enclosed by the outermost membrane of a multivesicular body.

Any membrane-enclosed lumen that is part of a tertiary granule.

Any membrane-enclosed lumen that is part of a ficolin-1-rich granule.