The cellular process in which a signal is conveyed to trigger a change in the activity or state of a cell. Signal transduction begins with reception of a signal (e.g. a ligand binding to a receptor or receptor activation by a stimulus such as light), or for signal transduction in the absence of ligand, signal-withdrawal or the activity of a constitutively active receptor. Signal transduction ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. regulation of transcription or regulation of a metabolic process. Signal transduction covers signaling from receptors located on the surface of the cell and signaling via molecules located within the cell. For signaling between cells, signal transduction is restricted to events at and within the receiving cell.

Any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location.

The asymmetric division of cells to produce two daughter cells with different developmental potentials. It is of fundamental significance for the generation of cell diversity.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of endocytosis.

A process that occurs during the first cell cycle in an embryo, in which anterior cortical contractions culminate in a single partial constriction of the embryo called the pseudocleavage furrow. An example of this process is found in nematode worms.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the cell cycle process in which the distance is lengthened between poles of the mitotic spindle.

Any process in which is the spindle is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location.

Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the catalysis of the reaction: ATP + 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 4-phosphate = ADP + 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 4,5-bisphosphate.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to cell tip.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of establishment of bipolar cell polarity.

All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures.

An array of microtubules emanating from a spindle pole MTOC that do not connect to kinetochores.

The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins.

The region of a cell that lies just beneath the plasma membrane and often, but not always, contains a network of actin filaments and associated proteins.

The eventual plane of cell division (also known as cell cleavage or cytokinesis) in a dividing cell. In Eukaryotes, the cleavage apparatus, composed of septin structures and the actomyosin contractile ring, forms along this plane, and the mitotic, or meiotic, spindle is aligned perpendicular to the division plane. In bacteria, the cell division site is generally located at mid-cell and is the site at which the cytoskeletal structure, the Z-ring, assembles.

The region at the end of the longest axis of a cylindrical or elongated cell.

The part of a cell encompassing the cell cortex, the plasma membrane, and any external encapsulating structures.