Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of binding to a toll-like receptor. Toll-like receptors directly bind pattern motifs from a variety of microbial sources to initiate innate immune response.

The change in morphology and behavior of a microglial cell resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor.

Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of binding to a toll-like receptor. Toll-like receptors directly bind pattern motifs from a variety of microbial sources to initiate innate immune response.

The process in which a signal is passed on to downstream components within the cell through the I-kappaB-kinase (IKK)-dependent activation of NF-kappaB. The cascade begins with activation of a trimeric IKK complex (consisting of catalytic kinase subunits IKKalpha and/or IKKbeta, and the regulatory scaffold protein NEMO) and ends with the regulation of transcription of target genes by NF-kappaB. In a resting state, NF-kappaB dimers are bound to I-kappaB proteins, sequestering NF-kappaB in the cytoplasm. Phosphorylation of I-kappaB targets I-kappaB for ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation, thus releasing the NF-kappaB dimers, which can translocate to the nucleus to bind DNA and regulate transcription.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a virus.

An immune response mediated by immunoglobulins, whether cell-bound or in solution.

An immune response against bacteria mediated through a body fluid. Examples of this process are the antibacterial humoral responses in Mus musculus and Drosophila melanogaster.

Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of binding to toll-like receptor 8.

Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of binding to toll-like receptor 9.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interferon-gamma.

Innate immune responses are defense responses mediated by germline encoded components that directly recognize components of potential pathogens.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the innate immune response, the organism's first line of defense against infection.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interferon-alpha.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interferon-beta.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-8.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of interleukin-1 beta from a cell.

Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a virus that act to protect the cell or organism.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a mechanical stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interferon-gamma stimulus. Interferon gamma is the only member of the type II interferon found so far.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of interleukin-6 secretion.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of interleukin-12 secretion.

The lipid bilayer surrounding any of the compartments of the Golgi apparatus.

The irregular network of unit membranes, visible only by electron microscopy, that occurs in the cytoplasm of many eukaryotic cells. The membranes form a complex meshwork of tubular channels, which are often expanded into slitlike cavities called cisternae. The ER takes two forms, rough (or granular), with ribosomes adhering to the outer surface, and smooth (with no ribosomes attached).

The lipid bilayer surrounding the endoplasmic reticulum.

The leaflet of the plasma membrane that faces away from the cytoplasm and any proteins embedded or anchored in it or attached to its surface.

The lipid bilayer surrounding an endosome.

The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane.

The lipid bilayer surrounding an endolysosome. An endolysosome is a transient hybrid organelle formed by fusion of a late endosome with a lysosome.