The joining together of exons from one or more primary transcripts of messenger RNA (mRNA) and the excision of intron sequences, via a spliceosomal mechanism, so that mRNA consisting only of the joined exons is produced.

The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of an osteoblast, a mesodermal or neural crest cell that gives rise to bone.

The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of an osteoblast, a mesodermal or neural crest cell that gives rise to bone.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an immature germ cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure (gamete). A germ cell is any reproductive cell in a multicellular organism.

Compensating for the two-fold variation in X:autosome chromosome ratios between sexes by a global activation or inactivation of all, or most of, genes on one or both of the X chromosomes.

Compensating for the two-fold variation in X:autosome chromosome ratios between sexes by a global activation or inactivation of all, or most of, genes on one or both of the X chromosomes.

Compensating for the two-fold variation in X:autosome chromosome ratios between sexes by a global activation or inactivation of all, or most of, genes on one or both of the X chromosomes.

Any biological process in an organism that recurs with a regularity of approximately 24 hours.

The control of viability and duration in the adult phase of the life-cycle.

Compensating for the two-fold variation in X-chromosome:autosome ratios between sexes by a global hyperactivation of all, or most of, the genes on the X-chromosome in the heterogametic sex, leading to a two-fold increase in gene expression from this chromosome. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins on DNA to form the complex that mediates dosage compensation on the X chromosome of the heterogametic sex, ultimately resulting in a two-fold increase in transcription from this chromosome. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of heterochromatin formation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of type I interferon production. Type I interferons include the interferon-alpha, beta, delta, episilon, zeta, kappa, tau, and omega gene families.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a heat stimulus, a temperature stimulus above the optimal temperature for that organism.

The process during wing vibration where the male insect produces a species-specific acoustic signal called a love song.

Any epigenetic process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate of gene expression.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.

Long distance growth of a single axon process involved in cellular development.

An mRNA stabilization process in which one or more RNA-binding proteins associate with a sequence in the open reading frame called the coding region instability determinant (CRD).

An mRNA stabilization process in which one or more RNA-binding proteins associate with a sequence in the open reading frame called the coding region instability determinant (CRD).

A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a cytoplasmic stress granule.

A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a cytoplasmic stress granule.

A protein complex that binds to, and promotes stabilization of, mRNA molecules containing the coding region instability determinant (CRD). In human, it may consist of IGF2BP1, HNRNPU, SYNCRIP/HNRNPQ, YBX1, and DHX9.

An intracellular macromolecular complex containing both protein and RNA molecules.

A small, dense body one or more of which are present in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. It is rich in RNA and protein, is not bounded by a limiting membrane, and is not seen during mitosis. Its prime function is the transcription of the nucleolar DNA into 45S ribosomal-precursor RNA, the processing of this RNA into 5.8S, 18S, and 28S components of ribosomal RNA, and the association of these components with 5S RNA and proteins synthesized outside the nucleolus. This association results in the formation of ribonucleoprotein precursors; these pass into the cytoplasm and mature into the 40S and 60S subunits of the ribosome.

A chromosome that encodes the nuclear genome and is found in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell during the cell cycle phases when the nucleus is intact.

The ordered and organized complex of DNA, protein, and sometimes RNA, that forms the chromosome.

The sex chromosome present in both sexes of species in which the male is the heterogametic sex. Two copies of the X chromosome are present in each somatic cell of females and one copy is present in males.

A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent.

A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent.

A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent.

That part of the nuclear content other than the chromosomes or the nucleolus.

That part of the nuclear content other than the chromosomes or the nucleolus.

That part of the nuclear content other than the chromosomes or the nucleolus.

A structure composed of a very long molecule of DNA and associated proteins (e.g. histones) that carries hereditary information.

A type of chromosome in a polyploid cell, formed when multiple copies of homologous chromosomes are aligned side by side to give a giant chromosome in which distinct chromosome bands are readily visible.

A small, dense body one or more of which are present in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. It is rich in RNA and protein, is not bounded by a limiting membrane, and is not seen during mitosis. Its prime function is the transcription of the nucleolar DNA into 45S ribosomal-precursor RNA, the processing of this RNA into 5.8S, 18S, and 28S components of ribosomal RNA, and the association of these components with 5S RNA and proteins synthesized outside the nucleolus. This association results in the formation of ribonucleoprotein precursors; these pass into the cytoplasm and mature into the 40S and 60S subunits of the ribosome.

All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures.

A structure comprised of a core structure (in most organisms, a pair of centrioles) and peripheral material from which a microtubule-based structure, such as a spindle apparatus, is organized. Centrosomes occur close to the nucleus during interphase in many eukaryotic cells, though in animal cells it changes continually during the cell-division cycle.

A structure comprised of a core structure (in most organisms, a pair of centrioles) and peripheral material from which a microtubule-based structure, such as a spindle apparatus, is organized. Centrosomes occur close to the nucleus during interphase in many eukaryotic cells, though in animal cells it changes continually during the cell-division cycle.

The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes.

A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it.

A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it.

An RNA-protein complex localized to the X chromosome of males where it is required for the hyper-transcriptional activation of the X chromosome. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.

An RNA-protein complex localized to the X chromosome of males where it is required for the hyper-transcriptional activation of the X chromosome. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.

An intracellular macromolecular complex containing both protein and RNA molecules.

An intracellular macromolecular complex containing both protein and RNA molecules.

A ribonucleoprotein granule located in the cytoplasm.

A ribonucleoprotein granule located in the cytoplasm.

A protein complex that binds to, and promotes stabilization of, mRNA molecules containing the coding region instability determinant (CRD). In human, it may consist of IGF2BP1, HNRNPU, SYNCRIP/HNRNPQ, YBX1, and DHX9.

A protein complex that binds to, and promotes stabilization of, mRNA molecules containing the coding region instability determinant (CRD). In human, it may consist of IGF2BP1, HNRNPU, SYNCRIP/HNRNPQ, YBX1, and DHX9.

A histone acetyltransferase complex that catalyzes the acetylation of a histone H4 lysine residue at position 16. In human, it contains the catalytic subunit MOF, and MSL1, MSL2 and MSL3.

A dense aggregation in the nucleus composed of proteins and RNAs that appear when the cell is under stress.

A dense aggregation in the nucleus composed of proteins and RNAs that appear when the cell is under stress.