Division of the 14 parasegments of the embryo into anterior and posterior compartments; exemplified by the actions of the segment polarity gene products.

Signaling at long or short range between cells that results in the commitment of a cell to a certain fate.

The process, occurring in the embryo, by which the anatomical structures of the limb are generated and organized. A limb is an appendage of an animal used for locomotion or grasping.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of smoothened signaling.

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA). This includes the production of an RNA transcript as well as any processing to produce a mature RNA product or an mRNA (for protein-coding genes) and the translation of that mRNA into protein. Protein maturation is included when required to form an active form of a product from an inactive precursor form.

A tissue homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of an internal equilibrium within the retina of the eye, including control of cellular proliferation and death and control of metabolic function.

The progression of the retinal pigment epithelium over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. The retinal pigment epithelium is the melanin-containing layer of cells between the retina and the choroid that absorbs scattered and reflected light and removes waste products produced by the photoreceptor cells.

The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of the optic cup, a two-walled vesicle formed from the optic vesicle.

The growth of a growth plate cartilage chondrocyte, where growth contributes to the progression of the chondrocyte over time from one condition to another.

A series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of activation of the transmembrane protein Smoothened.

A series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of activation of the transmembrane protein Smoothened.

The process that results in the patterns of cell differentiation that will arise in an embryo.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a tissue over time, from its formation to the mature structure.

The regionalization process in which specific areas of cell differentiation are determined along the anterior-posterior axis. The anterior-posterior axis is defined by a line that runs from the head or mouth of an organism to the tail or opposite end of the organism.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA). This includes the production of an RNA transcript as well as any processing to produce a mature RNA product or an mRNA (for protein-coding genes) and the translation of that mRNA into protein. Protein maturation is included when required to form an active form of a product from an inactive precursor form.

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA). This includes the production of an RNA transcript as well as any processing to produce a mature RNA product or an mRNA (for protein-coding genes) and the translation of that mRNA into protein. Protein maturation is included when required to form an active form of a product from an inactive precursor form.

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of alkaline phosphatase activity, the catalysis of the reaction: an orthophosphoric monoester + H2O = an alcohol + phosphate, with an alkaline pH optimum.

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of alkaline phosphatase activity, the catalysis of the reaction: an orthophosphoric monoester + H2O = an alcohol + phosphate, with an alkaline pH optimum.

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell morphogenesis contributing to cell differentiation. Cell morphogenesis involved in differentiation is the change in form (cell shape and size) that occurs when relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history.

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell morphogenesis contributing to cell differentiation. Cell morphogenesis involved in differentiation is the change in form (cell shape and size) that occurs when relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history.

The formation of a ventral region of glial cells in the neural tube that provides inductive signals for the specification of neuronal cell types. The floor plate is evident at the ventral midline by the neural fold stage.

The process that regulates the coordinated growth and differentiation that establishes the non-random dorsal-ventral spatial arrangement of the spinal cord.

The process in which the anatomical structure of the optic nerve is generated and organized. The sensory optic nerve originates from the bipolar cells of the retina and conducts visual information to the brainstem. The optic nerve exits the back of the eye in the orbit, enters the optic canal, and enters the central nervous system at the optic chiasm (crossing) where the nerve fibers become the optic tract just prior to entering the hindbrain.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proteoglycans, any glycoprotein in which the carbohydrate units are glycosaminoglycans.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proteoglycans, any glycoprotein in which the carbohydrate units are glycosaminoglycans.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the BMP signaling pathway.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a retinoic acid stimulus.

The process, occurring in the embryo, by which the anatomical structures of the digit are generated and organized. A digit is one of the terminal divisions of an appendage, such as a finger or toe.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of osteoblast differentiation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of osteoblast differentiation.

Any biological process involved in the maintenance of the steady-state number of cells within a population of cells in the retina.

The process in which the anatomical structure of the retina is generated and organized in a camera-type eye during the embryonic life stage.

The process in which a mesenchymal cell, acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of a chondroblast. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a chondroblast fate. A chondroblast is a precursor cell to chondrocytes.

The process in which a mesenchymal cell, acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of a chondroblast. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a chondroblast fate. A chondroblast is a precursor cell to chondrocytes.

Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of cell death by apoptosis that results in the maintenance of the steady-state number of cells within a tissue.

Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of neural retina development, the progression of the neural retina over time from its initial formation to the mature structure. The neural retina is the part of the retina that contains neurons and photoreceptor cells.

The process in which the migration of an axon growth cone of a commissural neuron is directed to its target in the brain in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues.

The appearance of a fibroblast growth factor due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.

The hydrolysis of proteins into smaller polypeptides and/or amino acids by cleavage of their own peptide bonds.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neural precursor cell proliferation.

The process involved in the specification of cell identity. Once specification has taken place, a cell will be committed to differentiate down a specific pathway if left in its normal environment.

The progression of the retinal pigment epithelium over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. The retinal pigment epithelium is the melanin-containing layer of cells between the retina and the choroid that absorbs scattered and reflected light and removes waste products produced by the photoreceptor cells.

A series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of activation of the transmembrane protein Smoothened.

A series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of activation of the transmembrane protein Smoothened.

Any process that increases the activity of a transcription factor that activates transcription of Hedgehog-target genes in response to Smoothened signaling. In Drosophila, Cubitus interruptus (Ci) is the only identified transcription factor so far in the Hedgehog signaling pathway. In vertebrates, members of the Gli protein family are activated in this way. Activation of the Gli/Ci transcription factor is distinct from its stabilization, when proteolytic cleavage is inhibited.

Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell proliferation.

The process that results in the patterns of cell differentiation that will arise in an embryo.

Any process resulting in the establishment of polarity along the anterior/posterior axis.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA). This includes the production of an RNA transcript as well as any processing to produce a mature RNA product or an mRNA (for protein-coding genes) and the translation of that mRNA into protein. Protein maturation is included when required to form an active form of a product from an inactive precursor form.

The formation of a ventral region of glial cells in the neural tube that provides inductive signals for the specification of neuronal cell types. The floor plate is evident at the ventral midline by the neural fold stage.

The process that regulates the coordinated growth and differentiation that establishes the non-random dorsal-ventral spatial arrangement of the spinal cord.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the pancreas over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The pancreas is an endoderm derived structure that produces precursors of digestive enzymes and blood glucose regulating enzymes.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of stimulus by estradiol, a C18 steroid hormone hydroxylated at C3 and C17 that acts as a potent estrogen.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T cell differentiation in the thymus.

The multiplication or reproduction of chondrocytes by cell division, resulting in the expansion of their population. A chondrocyte is a polymorphic cell that forms cartilage.

The process, occurring in the embryo, by which the anatomical structures of the digit are generated and organized. A digit is one of the terminal divisions of an appendage, such as a finger or toe.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of alpha-beta T cell differentiation.

The process in which the anatomical structures of the digestive tract are generated and organized during embryonic development. The digestive tract is the anatomical structure through which food passes and is processed.

A series of molecular signals which triggers the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway starts with reception of a signal, and ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the skeleton over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The skeleton is the bony framework of the body in vertebrates (endoskeleton) or the hard outer envelope of insects (exoskeleton or dermoskeleton).

The process of coordinated growth and sprouting of blood vessels giving rise to the organized vascular system.

The process of coordinated growth and sprouting of blood vessels giving rise to the organized vascular system.

The differentiation of endothelial cells from progenitor cells during blood vessel development, and the de novo formation of blood vessels and tubes.

The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of an osteoblast, a mesodermal or neural crest cell that gives rise to bone.

The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of an osteoblast, a mesodermal or neural crest cell that gives rise to bone.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the metanephros over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In mammals, the metanephros is the excretory organ of the fetus, which develops into the mature kidney and is formed from the rear portion of the nephrogenic cord. The metanephros is an endocrine and metabolic organ that filters the blood and excretes the end products of body metabolism in the form of urine.

The process in which the branching structure of the ureteric bud is generated and organized. The ureteric bud is an epithelial tube that grows out from the metanephric duct. The bud elongates and branches to give rise to the ureter and kidney collecting tubules.

The process involved in the specification of cell identity. Once specification has taken place, a cell will be committed to differentiate down a specific pathway if left in its normal environment.

A process involved in cell fate commitment. Once determination has taken place, a cell becomes committed to differentiate down a particular pathway regardless of its environment.

The characteristic movement of cells from the dorsal ridge of the neural tube to a variety of locations in a vertebrate embryo.

A tissue homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of an internal equilibrium within the retina of the eye, including control of cellular proliferation and death and control of metabolic function.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the vasculature over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The vasculature is an interconnected tubular multi-tissue structure that contains fluid that is actively transported around the organism.

The tube morphogenesis process in which the primitive heart tube loops asymmetrically. This looping brings the primitive heart chambers into alignment preceding their future integration. Heart looping begins with dextral-looping and ends when the main regional divisions of the mature heart and primordium of the great arterial trunks become established preceeding septation.

The tube morphogenesis process in which the primitive heart tube loops asymmetrically. This looping brings the primitive heart chambers into alignment preceding their future integration. Heart looping begins with dextral-looping and ends when the main regional divisions of the mature heart and primordium of the great arterial trunks become established preceeding septation.

Any process that activates or increases the rate of neuroblast proliferation.

The process of activating or increasing the rate or extent of mesenchymal cell proliferation. Mesenchymal cells are loosely organized embryonic cells.

The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a lymphoid progenitor cell. Lymphoid progenitor cells include progenitor cells for any of the lymphoid lineages.

The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of the optic cup, a two-walled vesicle formed from the optic vesicle.

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the multiplication or reproduction of chondrocytes in a growing endochondral bone, resulting in the expansion of a cell population.

The growth of a growth plate cartilage chondrocyte, where growth contributes to the progression of the chondrocyte over time from one condition to another.

A series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of activation of the transmembrane protein Smoothened.

Any process that increases the activity of a transcription factor that activates transcription of Hedgehog-target genes in response to Smoothened signaling. In Drosophila, Cubitus interruptus (Ci) is the only identified transcription factor so far in the Hedgehog signaling pathway. In vertebrates, members of the Gli protein family are activated in this way. Activation of the Gli/Ci transcription factor is distinct from its stabilization, when proteolytic cleavage is inhibited.

Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another. This process includes signal transduction in the receiving cell and, where applicable, release of a ligand and any processes that actively facilitate its transport and presentation to the receiving cell. Examples include signaling via soluble ligands, via cell adhesion molecules and via gap junctions.

Any developmental process that results in the creation of defined areas or spaces within an organism to which cells respond and eventually are instructed to differentiate.

Any developmental process that results in the creation of defined areas or spaces within an organism to which cells respond and eventually are instructed to differentiate.

The expansion of a neuroblast population by cell division. A neuroblast is any cell that will divide and give rise to a neuron.

The chemotaxis process that directs the migration of an axon growth cone to a specific target site in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues.

The chemotaxis process that directs the migration of an axon growth cone to a specific target site in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the central nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The central nervous system is the core nervous system that serves an integrating and coordinating function. In vertebrates it consists of the brain and spinal cord. In those invertebrates with a central nervous system it typically consists of a brain, cerebral ganglia and a nerve cord.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the central nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The central nervous system is the core nervous system that serves an integrating and coordinating function. In vertebrates it consists of the brain and spinal cord. In those invertebrates with a central nervous system it typically consists of a brain, cerebral ganglia and a nerve cord.

The process in which the anatomical structures of the hindgut are generated and organized.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the heart over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The heart is a hollow, muscular organ, which, by contracting rhythmically, keeps up the circulation of the blood.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving androgens, C19 steroid hormones that can stimulate the development of male sexual characteristics.

Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell proliferation.

Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell proliferation.

Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell proliferation.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an embryo from its formation until the end of its embryonic life stage. The end of the embryonic stage is organism-specific. For example, for mammals, the process would begin with zygote formation and end with birth. For insects, the process would begin at zygote formation and end with larval hatching. For plant zygotic embryos, this would be from zygote formation to the end of seed dormancy. For plant vegetative embryos, this would be from the initial determination of the cell or group of cells to form an embryo until the point when the embryo becomes independent of the parent plant.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a tissue over time, from its formation to the mature structure.

Any process resulting in the establishment of polarity along the dorsal/ventral axis.

The regionalization process in which specific areas of cell differentiation are determined along the anterior-posterior axis. The anterior-posterior axis is defined by a line that runs from the head or mouth of an organism to the tail or opposite end of the organism.

The regionalization process in which the areas along the dorsal/ventral axis are established that will lead to differences in cell differentiation. The dorsal/ventral axis is defined by a line that runs orthogonal to both the anterior/posterior and left/right axes. The dorsal end is defined by the upper or back side of an organism. The ventral end is defined by the lower or front side of an organism.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA). This includes the production of an RNA transcript as well as any processing to produce a mature RNA product or an mRNA (for protein-coding genes) and the translation of that mRNA into protein. Protein maturation is included when required to form an active form of a product from an inactive precursor form.

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of alkaline phosphatase activity, the catalysis of the reaction: an orthophosphoric monoester + H2O = an alcohol + phosphate, with an alkaline pH optimum.

The process in which the anatomical structure of the optic nerve is generated and organized. The sensory optic nerve originates from the bipolar cells of the retina and conducts visual information to the brainstem. The optic nerve exits the back of the eye in the orbit, enters the optic canal, and enters the central nervous system at the optic chiasm (crossing) where the nerve fibers become the optic tract just prior to entering the hindbrain.

The multiplication or reproduction of neuroblasts that will give rise to granule cells. A granule cell is a glutamatergic interneuron found in the cerebellar cortex.

The regionalization process that creates areas within the forebrain that will direct the behavior of cell migration in differentiation as the telencephalon develops.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein.

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuron.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the lung over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In all air-breathing vertebrates the lungs are developed from the ventral wall of the oesophagus as a pouch which divides into two sacs. In amphibians and many reptiles the lungs retain very nearly this primitive sac-like character, but in the higher forms the connection with the esophagus becomes elongated into the windpipe and the inner walls of the sacs become more and more divided, until, in the mammals, the air spaces become minutely divided into tubes ending in small air cells, in the walls of which the blood circulates in a fine network of capillaries. In mammals the lungs are more or less divided into lobes, and each lung occupies a separate cavity in the thorax.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell migration.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the BMP signaling pathway.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the male genitalia over time, from its formation to the mature structure.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the prostate gland over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The prostate gland is a partly muscular, partly glandular body that is situated near the base of the mammalian male urethra and secretes an alkaline viscid fluid which is a major constituent of the ejaculatory fluid.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the forebrain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The forebrain is the anterior of the three primary divisions of the developing chordate brain or the corresponding part of the adult brain (in vertebrates, includes especially the cerebral hemispheres, the thalamus, and the hypothalamus and especially in higher vertebrates is the main control center for sensory and associative information processing, visceral functions, and voluntary motor functions).

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the forebrain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The forebrain is the anterior of the three primary divisions of the developing chordate brain or the corresponding part of the adult brain (in vertebrates, includes especially the cerebral hemispheres, the thalamus, and the hypothalamus and especially in higher vertebrates is the main control center for sensory and associative information processing, visceral functions, and voluntary motor functions).

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the midbrain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The midbrain is the middle division of the three primary divisions of the developing chordate brain or the corresponding part of the adult brain (in vertebrates, includes a ventral part containing the cerebral peduncles and a dorsal tectum containing the corpora quadrigemina and that surrounds the aqueduct of Sylvius connecting the third and fourth ventricles).

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the hindbrain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The hindbrain is the posterior of the three primary divisions of the developing chordate brain, or the corresponding part of the adult brain (in vertebrates, includes the cerebellum, pons, and medulla oblongata and controls the autonomic functions and equilibrium).

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the hindbrain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The hindbrain is the posterior of the three primary divisions of the developing chordate brain, or the corresponding part of the adult brain (in vertebrates, includes the cerebellum, pons, and medulla oblongata and controls the autonomic functions and equilibrium).

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the pancreas over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The pancreas is an endoderm derived structure that produces precursors of digestive enzymes and blood glucose regulating enzymes.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of chondrocyte differentiation.

The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a T cell via a differentiation pathway dependent upon transit through the thymus.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T cell differentiation in the thymus.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of immature T cell proliferation in the thymus.

The process that results in the generation of glial cells. This includes the production of glial progenitors and their differentiation into mature glia.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation.

The process, occurring in the embryo, by which the anatomical structures of the digit are generated and organized. A digit is one of the terminal divisions of an appendage, such as a finger or toe.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the camera-type eye over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The camera-type eye is an organ of sight that receives light through an aperture and focuses it through a lens, projecting it on a photoreceptor field.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the camera-type eye over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The camera-type eye is an organ of sight that receives light through an aperture and focuses it through a lens, projecting it on a photoreceptor field.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process.

The process of sparing immature T cells in the thymus which react with self-MHC protein complexes with low affinity levels from apoptotic death.

The process of elimination of immature T cells in the thymus which react strongly with self-antigens.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell differentiation.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell differentiation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of smoothened signaling.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of alpha-beta T cell differentiation.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of alpha-beta T cell differentiation.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a specific fate.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the thymus over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The thymus is a symmetric bi-lobed organ involved primarily in the differentiation of immature to mature T cells, with unique vascular, nervous, epithelial, and lymphoid cell components.

The process in which the developmental fate of a cell becomes restricted such that it will develop into a neuron.

The process in which the developmental fate of a cell becomes restricted such that it will develop into a neuron.

The process in which the anatomical structures of the neurocranium are generated and organized during the embryonic phase. The neurocranium is the portion of the vertebrate skull surrounding the brain.

The process in which the anatomical structures of the viscerocranium are generated and organized during the embryonic phase. The viscerocranium is the part of the skull comprising the facial bones.

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of an oligodendrocyte. An oligodendrocyte is a type of glial cell involved in myelinating the axons of neurons in the central nervous system.

The process in which the anatomical structures of branches in an epithelial tube are generated and organized. A tube is a long hollow cylinder.

The process in which the anatomical structure of the swim bladder is generated and organized. The swim bladder is used by some fishes to maintain buoyancy and may function in addition as a sound producing organ, a sound receptor, and a respiratory organ.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the inner ear over time, from its formation to the mature structure.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the stem cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to its specific fate.

Any biological process involved in the maintenance of the steady-state number of cells within a population of cells in the retina.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a cartilage element over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cartilage elements are skeletal elements that consist of connective tissue dominated by extracellular matrix containing collagen type II and large amounts of proteoglycan, particularly chondroitin sulfate.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a striated muscle cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Striated muscle cells contain fibers that are divided by transverse bands into striations, and cardiac and skeletal muscle are types of striated muscle.

The process in which the anatomical structure of the retina is generated and organized in a camera-type eye during the embryonic life stage.

Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of cell death by apoptosis that results in the maintenance of the steady-state number of cells within a tissue.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell differentiation that contributes to the maintenance of a steady state of a cell type within a tissue.

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized structural and/or functional features of an endocardial cell. An endocardial cell is a specialized endothelial cell that makes up the endocardium portion of the heart. The endocardium is the innermost layer of tissue of the heart, and lines the heart chambers.

The progression of a somite from its initial formation to the mature structure. Somites are mesodermal clusters that are arranged segmentally along the anterior posterior axis of an embryo.

The progression of a somite from its initial formation to the mature structure. Somites are mesodermal clusters that are arranged segmentally along the anterior posterior axis of an embryo.

Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of neural retina development, the progression of the neural retina over time from its initial formation to the mature structure. The neural retina is the part of the retina that contains neurons and photoreceptor cells.

The process in which a neuroblast acquires the specialized structural and functional features of a dopaminergic neuron, a neuron that secretes dopamine.

The process in which the migration of an axon growth cone of a commissural neuron is directed to its target in the brain in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues.

The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a metanephric mesenchymal cell population.

The appearance of a fibroblast growth factor due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.

The appearance of a fibroblast growth factor due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.

The hydrolysis of proteins into smaller polypeptides and/or amino acids by cleavage of their own peptide bonds.

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the process in which a chondroblast acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of a chondrocyte that will contribute to the growth of a bone. A chondrocyte is a polymorphic cell that forms cartilage

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the process in which a chondroblast acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of a chondrocyte that will contribute to the development of a bone. A chondrocyte is a polymorphic cell that forms cartilage.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of chondrocyte hypertrophy.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of ureter smooth muscle cell differentiation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of ureter smooth muscle cell differentiation.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neural precursor cell proliferation.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of kidney smooth muscle cell differentiation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of kidney smooth muscle cell differentiation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal cell proliferation involved in ureter development.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the skeleton over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The skeleton is the bony framework of the body in vertebrates (endoskeleton) or the hard outer envelope of insects (exoskeleton or dermoskeleton).

The formation of bone or of a bony substance, or the conversion of fibrous tissue or of cartilage into bone or a bony substance.

Blood vessel formation when new vessels emerge from the proliferation of pre-existing blood vessels.

Blood vessel formation when new vessels emerge from the proliferation of pre-existing blood vessels.

Blood vessel formation when new vessels emerge from the proliferation of pre-existing blood vessels.

The differentiation of endothelial cells from progenitor cells during blood vessel development, and the de novo formation of blood vessels and tubes.

The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of an osteoblast, a mesodermal or neural crest cell that gives rise to bone.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the metanephros over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In mammals, the metanephros is the excretory organ of the fetus, which develops into the mature kidney and is formed from the rear portion of the nephrogenic cord. The metanephros is an endocrine and metabolic organ that filters the blood and excretes the end products of body metabolism in the form of urine.

The process in which the branching structure of the ureteric bud is generated and organized. The ureteric bud is an epithelial tube that grows out from the metanephric duct. The bud elongates and branches to give rise to the ureter and kidney collecting tubules.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating lowered oxygen tension. Hypoxia, defined as a decline in O2 levels below normoxic levels of 20.8 - 20.95%, results in metabolic adaptation at both the cellular and organismal level.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the embryo in the uterus over time, from formation of the zygote in the oviduct, to birth. An example of this process is found in Mus musculus.

The process involved in the specification of cell identity. Once specification has taken place, a cell will be committed to differentiate down a specific pathway if left in its normal environment.

The process involved in the specification of cell identity. Once specification has taken place, a cell will be committed to differentiate down a specific pathway if left in its normal environment.

The morphogenetic process in which the anatomical structures of the compound eye are generated and organized. The adult compound eye is a precise assembly of 700-800 ommatidia. Each ommatidium is composed of 20 cells, identified by cell type and position. An example of compound eye morphogenesis is found in Drosophila melanogaster.

The morphogenetic process in which the anatomical structures of the larval eye in Drosophila are generated and organized. The larval eye in Drosophila is a relatively simple sensory system composed of Bolwig's organs: two clusters, each composed of 12 photoreceptor cells from which axons extend in a single fascicle to the brain.

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of an eye photoreceptor cell.

The characteristic movement of cells from the dorsal ridge of the neural tube to a variety of locations in a vertebrate embryo.

The formation of mesodermal clusters that are arranged segmentally along the anterior posterior axis of an embryo.

The formation of mesodermal clusters that are arranged segmentally along the anterior posterior axis of an embryo.

The process in which the anatomical structures of branches are generated and organized. A branch is a division or offshoot from a main stem. Examples in animals would include blood vessels, nerves, lymphatics and other endothelial or epithelial tubes.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the kidney over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The kidney is an organ that filters the blood and/or excretes the end products of body metabolism in the form of urine.

The process in which the anatomical structures of the neural plate are generated and organized. The neural plate is a specialized region of columnar epithelial cells in the dorsal ectoderm that will give rise to nervous system tissue.

The formation of a tube from the flat layer of ectodermal cells known as the neural plate. This will give rise to the central nervous system.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the hair follicle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A hair follicle is a tube-like opening in the epidermis where the hair shaft develops and into which the sebaceous glands open.

The tube morphogenesis process in which the primitive heart tube loops asymmetrically. This looping brings the primitive heart chambers into alignment preceding their future integration. Heart looping begins with dextral-looping and ends when the main regional divisions of the mature heart and primordium of the great arterial trunks become established preceeding septation.

Direct ossification that occurs within mesenchyme or an accumulation of relatively unspecialized cells.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an osteoblast over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Osteoblast development does not include the steps involved in committing a cranial neural crest cell or an osteoprogenitor cell to an osteoblast fate. An osteoblast is a cell that gives rise to bone.

The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a lymphoid progenitor cell. Lymphoid progenitor cells include progenitor cells for any of the lymphoid lineages.

The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a lymphoid progenitor cell. Lymphoid progenitor cells include progenitor cells for any of the lymphoid lineages.

An immune response taking place in mucosal tissues, including those of the intestinal tract, nasal and upper respiratory tract, and genital tract.

The establishment of the lateral mesoderm with respect to the left and right halves.

The establishment of the lateral mesoderm with respect to the left and right halves.

The change in form that occurs when an epithelial cell progresses from its initial formation to its mature state.

The process in which a chondroblast acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of a chondrocyte that will contribute to the development of a bone. A chondrocyte is a polymorphic cell that forms cartilage.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving proteoglycans, any glycoprotein in which the carbohydrate units are glycosaminoglycans.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.

A vesicle-mediated transport process in which cells take up external materials or membrane constituents by the invagination of a small region of the plasma membrane to form a new membrane-bounded vesicle.

The cellular process in which a signal is conveyed to trigger a change in the activity or state of a cell. Signal transduction begins with reception of a signal (e.g. a ligand binding to a receptor or receptor activation by a stimulus such as light), or for signal transduction in the absence of ligand, signal-withdrawal or the activity of a constitutively active receptor. Signal transduction ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. regulation of transcription or regulation of a metabolic process. Signal transduction covers signaling from receptors located on the surface of the cell and signaling via molecules located within the cell. For signaling between cells, signal transduction is restricted to events at and within the receiving cell.

A series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of activation of the transmembrane protein Smoothened.

A series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of activation of the transmembrane protein Smoothened.

A series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of activation of the transmembrane protein Smoothened.

Any process that increases the activity of a transcription factor that activates transcription of Hedgehog-target genes in response to Smoothened signaling. In Drosophila, Cubitus interruptus (Ci) is the only identified transcription factor so far in the Hedgehog signaling pathway. In vertebrates, members of the Gli protein family are activated in this way. Activation of the Gli/Ci transcription factor is distinct from its stabilization, when proteolytic cleavage is inhibited.

Any process that increases the activity of a transcription factor that activates transcription of Hedgehog-target genes in response to Smoothened signaling. In Drosophila, Cubitus interruptus (Ci) is the only identified transcription factor so far in the Hedgehog signaling pathway. In vertebrates, members of the Gli protein family are activated in this way. Activation of the Gli/Ci transcription factor is distinct from its stabilization, when proteolytic cleavage is inhibited.

Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another. This process includes signal transduction in the receiving cell and, where applicable, release of a ligand and any processes that actively facilitate its transport and presentation to the receiving cell. Examples include signaling via soluble ligands, via cell adhesion molecules and via gap junctions.

The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult).

The directed movement of a pole cell (germline progenitors in insects) from its site of production at the posterior pole of the embryo through to the site where the gonads will form.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a spermatid over time, from its formation to the mature structure.

Any process that modulates the rate or extent of progress through the mitotic cell cycle.

Division of the 14 parasegments of the embryo into anterior and posterior compartments; exemplified by the actions of the segment polarity gene products.

Division of the 14 parasegments of the embryo into anterior and posterior compartments; exemplified by the actions of the segment polarity gene products.

Division of the 14 parasegments of the embryo into anterior and posterior compartments; exemplified by the actions of the segment polarity gene products.

Division of the 14 parasegments of the embryo into anterior and posterior compartments; exemplified by the actions of the segment polarity gene products.

The establishment of an organism's body plan or part of an organism with respect to the left and right halves. The pattern can either be symmetric, such that the halves are mirror images, or asymmetric where the pattern deviates from this symmetry.

The establishment of an organism's body plan or part of an organism with respect to the left and right halves. The pattern can either be symmetric, such that the halves are mirror images, or asymmetric where the pattern deviates from this symmetry.

The regionalization process in which embryonic segments are divided into compartments that will result in differences in cell differentiation.

Any developmental process that results in the creation of defined areas or spaces within an organism to which cells respond and eventually are instructed to differentiate.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the ectoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In animal embryos, the ectoderm is the outer germ layer of the embryo, formed during gastrulation.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the ectoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In animal embryos, the ectoderm is the outer germ layer of the embryo, formed during gastrulation.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state.

The expansion of a neuroblast population by cell division. A neuroblast is any cell that will divide and give rise to a neuron.

The expansion of a neuroblast population by cell division. A neuroblast is any cell that will divide and give rise to a neuron.

The chemotaxis process that directs the migration of an axon growth cone to a specific target site in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the ventral midline over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In protostomes (such as insects, snails and worms) as well as deuterostomes (vertebrates), the midline is an embryonic region that functions in patterning of the adjacent nervous tissue. The ventral midline in insects is a cell population extending along the ventral surface of the embryo and is the region from which cells detach to form the ventrally located nerve cords. In vertebrates, the midline is originally located dorsally. During development, it folds inwards and becomes the ventral part of the dorsally located neural tube and is then called the ventral midline, or floor plate.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the ventral midline over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In protostomes (such as insects, snails and worms) as well as deuterostomes (vertebrates), the midline is an embryonic region that functions in patterning of the adjacent nervous tissue. The ventral midline in insects is a cell population extending along the ventral surface of the embryo and is the region from which cells detach to form the ventrally located nerve cords. In vertebrates, the midline is originally located dorsally. During development, it folds inwards and becomes the ventral part of the dorsally located neural tube and is then called the ventral midline, or floor plate.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the brain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Brain development begins with patterning events in the neural tube and ends with the mature structure that is the center of thought and emotion. The brain is responsible for the coordination and control of bodily activities and the interpretation of information from the senses (sight, hearing, smell, etc.).

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an open tracheal system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. An open tracheal system is a respiratory system, a branched network of epithelial tubes that supplies oxygen to target tissues via spiracles. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.

The orderly movement of epithelial cells during development of an open tracheal system. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.

The process in which the anatomical structures of the foregut are generated and organized.

The process in which the anatomical structures of the hindgut are generated and organized.

The increase in mass of imaginal discs by cell proliferation prior to metamorphosis. Imaginal discs are epithelial infoldings in the larvae of holometabolous insects that develop into adult structures (legs, antennae, wings, etc.) during metamorphosis from larval to adult form.

The regionalization process that results in defined areas of the imaginal disc that will undergo specific cell differentaiton. Imaginal discs are epithelial infoldings in the larvae of holometabolous insects that develop into adult appendages (legs, antennae, wings, etc.) during metamorphosis from larval to adult form.

The morphogenetic furrow is a dorsoventral indentation which sweeps anteriorly across the eye disc. Ommatidia begin to form along the furrow, resulting in a graded series of ommatidial development across the anterior/posterior axis of the disc.

The morphogenetic furrow is a dorsoventral indentation which sweeps anteriorly across the eye disc. Ommatidia begin to form along the furrow, resulting in a graded series of ommatidial development across the anterior/posterior axis of the disc.

The morphogenetic furrow is a dorsoventral indentation which sweeps anteriorly across the eye disc. Ommatidia begin to form along the furrow, resulting in a graded series of ommatidial development across the anterior/posterior axis of the disc.

The morphogenetic furrow is a dorsoventral indentation which sweeps anteriorly across the eye disc. Ommatidia begin to form along the furrow, resulting in a graded series of ommatidial development across the anterior/posterior axis of the disc.

The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of the proximal/distal axis of the wing disc, a precursor to the adult wing.

The regionalization process in which the area of a imaginal disc-derived wing that will form a wing vein is specified.

The process in which the anatomical structures derived from the leg disc are generated and organized. This includes the transformation of a leg imaginal disc from a monolayered epithelium in the larvae of holometabolous insects into recognizable adult structures including the leg, coxa and ventral thoracic pleura.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the analia over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The analia is the posterior-most vertral appendage that develops from the genital disc. An example of this process is analia development in Drosophila melanogaster.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the mesoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The mesoderm is the middle germ layer that develops into muscle, bone, cartilage, blood and connective tissue.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the digestive tract mesoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The digestive tract mesoderm is portion of the middle layer of the three primary germ layers of the embryo which will go on to form part of the digestive tract of the organism.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the gonadal mesoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The gonadal mesoderm is the middle layer of the three primary germ layers of the embryo which will go on to form the gonads of the organism.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the heart over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The heart is a hollow, muscular organ, which, by contracting rhythmically, keeps up the circulation of the blood.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the heart over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The heart is a hollow, muscular organ, which, by contracting rhythmically, keeps up the circulation of the blood.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the heart over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The heart is a hollow, muscular organ, which, by contracting rhythmically, keeps up the circulation of the blood.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The muscle is an organ consisting of a tissue made up of various elongated cells that are specialized to contract and thus to produce movement and mechanical work.

The sequential process in which the multiple coagulation factors of the blood interact, ultimately resulting in the formation of an insoluble fibrin clot; it may be divided into three stages: stage 1, the formation of intrinsic and extrinsic prothrombin converting principle; stage 2, the formation of thrombin; stage 3, the formation of stable fibrin polymers.

The flow of blood through the body of an animal, enabling the transport of nutrients to the tissues and the removal of waste products.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving androgens, C19 steroid hormones that can stimulate the development of male sexual characteristics.

The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population.

Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell proliferation.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell proliferation.

The orderly movement of a glial cell, non-neuronal cells that provide support and nutrition, maintain homeostasis, form myelin, and participate in signal transmission in the nervous system.

The orderly movement of a cell specialized to produce haploid gametes through the embryo from its site of production to the place where the gonads will form.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the epidermis over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The epidermis is the outer epithelial layer of an animal, it may be a single layer that produces an extracellular material (e.g. the cuticle of arthropods) or a complex stratified squamous epithelium, as in the case of many vertebrate species.

The specification of the anterior/posterior axis of the embryo by the products of genes expressed maternally and genes expressed in the zygote.

The process that results in the patterns of cell differentiation that will arise in an embryo.

The process that results in the patterns of cell differentiation that will arise in an embryo.

Any process resulting in the establishment of polarity along the anterior/posterior axis.

The regionalization process in which specific areas of cell differentiation are determined along the anterior-posterior axis. The anterior-posterior axis is defined by a line that runs from the head or mouth of an organism to the tail or opposite end of the organism.

The regionalization process in which specific areas of cell differentiation are determined along the anterior-posterior axis. The anterior-posterior axis is defined by a line that runs from the head or mouth of an organism to the tail or opposite end of the organism.

The regionalization process in which the areas along the dorsal/ventral axis are established that will lead to differences in cell differentiation. The dorsal/ventral axis is defined by a line that runs orthogonal to both the anterior/posterior and left/right axes. The dorsal end is defined by the upper or back side of an organism. The ventral end is defined by the lower or front side of an organism.

The regionalization process in which the areas along the dorsal/ventral axis are established that will lead to differences in cell differentiation. The dorsal/ventral axis is defined by a line that runs orthogonal to both the anterior/posterior and left/right axes. The dorsal end is defined by the upper or back side of an organism. The ventral end is defined by the lower or front side of an organism.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction.

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a glial cell.

The process in which a relatively unspecialized mesodermal cell acquires the specialized structural and/or functional features of a cardioblast. A cardioblast is a cardiac precursor cell. It is a cell that has been committed to a cardiac fate, but will undergo more cell division rather than terminally differentiating.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an organonitrogen stimulus. An organonitrogen compound is formally a compound containing at least one carbon-nitrogen bond.

The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a mesenchymal cell population. A mesenchymal cell is a cell that normally gives rise to other cells that are organized as three-dimensional masses, rather than sheets.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA). This includes the production of an RNA transcript as well as any processing to produce a mature RNA product or an mRNA (for protein-coding genes) and the translation of that mRNA into protein. Protein maturation is included when required to form an active form of a product from an inactive precursor form.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA). This includes the production of an RNA transcript as well as any processing to produce a mature RNA product or an mRNA (for protein-coding genes) and the translation of that mRNA into protein. Protein maturation is included when required to form an active form of a product from an inactive precursor form.

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA). This includes the production of an RNA transcript as well as any processing to produce a mature RNA product or an mRNA (for protein-coding genes) and the translation of that mRNA into protein. Protein maturation is included when required to form an active form of a product from an inactive precursor form.

Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA). This includes the production of an RNA transcript as well as any processing to produce a mature RNA product or an mRNA (for protein-coding genes) and the translation of that mRNA into protein. Protein maturation is included when required to form an active form of a product from an inactive precursor form.

The process aimed at the progression of an oligodendrocyte over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell. An oligodendrocyte is a type of glial cell involved in myelinating the axons in the central nervous system.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a striated muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Striated muscle contain fibers that are divided by transverse bands into striations, and cardiac and skeletal muscle are types of striated muscle. Skeletal muscle myoblasts fuse to form myotubes and eventually multinucleated muscle fibers. The fusion of cardiac cells is very rare and can only form binucleate cells.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle cell proliferation.

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a myotube cell. Myotube differentiation starts with myoblast fusion and the appearance of specific cell markers (this is the cell development step). Then individual myotubes can fuse to form bigger myotubes and start to contract. Myotubes are multinucleated cells that are formed when proliferating myoblasts exit the cell cycle, differentiate and fuse.

The process in which the anatomical structures of a larval imaginal disc epithelium are generated and organized.

Processing which a protein carries out itself. This involves actions such as the autolytic removal of residues to generate the mature form of the protein.

Processing which a protein carries out itself. This involves actions such as the autolytic removal of residues to generate the mature form of the protein.

The formation of a ventral region of glial cells in the neural tube that provides inductive signals for the specification of neuronal cell types. The floor plate is evident at the ventral midline by the neural fold stage.

The process that regulates the coordinated growth and differentiation that establishes the non-random dorsal-ventral spatial arrangement of the spinal cord.

The process that regulates the coordinated growth and differentiation that establishes the non-random dorsal-ventral spatial arrangement of the spinal cord.

The process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a motor neuron in an environment that is neutral with respect to the developmental pathway.

The process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a ventral spinal cord interneuron in an environment that is neutral with respect to the developmental pathway.

The process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a ventral spinal cord interneuron in an environment that is neutral with respect to the developmental pathway.

The process in which neuroepithelial cells in the ventral neural tube acquire specialized structural and/or functional features of motor neurons. Motor neurons innervate an effector (muscle or glandular) tissue and are responsible for transmission of motor impulses from the brain to the periphery. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the diencephalon over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The diencephalon is the paired caudal parts of the prosencephalon from which the thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus and subthalamus are derived; these regions regulate autonomic, visceral and endocrine function, and process information directed to the cerebral cortex.

The process in which the thalamus changes over time, from its initial formation to its mature state.

The process in which the thalamus changes over time, from its initial formation to its mature state.

The regionalization process resulting in the creation of areas within the forebrain that will direct the behavior of cell migration in differentiation as the forebrain develops.

The process in which the neural tube is regionalized in the dorsoventral axis.

The process in which the neural tube is regionalized in the dorsoventral axis.

The process in which the neural tube is regionalized in the dorsoventral axis.

The multiplication or reproduction of neuroblasts resulting in the expansion of a cell population in the external granule layer of the hindbrain. The external granule layer is the layer that originates from the rostral half of the rhombic lip in the first rhombomere.

The multiplication or reproduction of neuroblasts that will give rise to granule cells. A granule cell is a glutamatergic interneuron found in the cerebellar cortex.

The multiplication or reproduction of neuroblasts that will give rise to granule cells. A granule cell is a glutamatergic interneuron found in the cerebellar cortex.

The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of activation of the transmembrane protein Smoothened in cerebellar granule cells that contributes to the regulation of proliferation of the cells.

The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of activation of the transmembrane protein Smoothened in cerebellar granule cells that contributes to the regulation of proliferation of the cells.

The process that activates or increases the rate or extent of granule cell precursor proliferation.

Generation of a long process of a CNS neuron, that carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body in one half of the cerebral cortex towards target cells in the contralateral half. This axonal process is a member of those that make up the anterior commissure, a small midline fiber tract that lies at the anterior end of the corpus callosum.

The progression of the adenohypophysis over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The adenohypophysis is the anterior part of the pituitary. It secretes a variety of hormones and its function is regulated by the hypothalamus.

The progression of the adenohypophysis over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The adenohypophysis is the anterior part of the pituitary. It secretes a variety of hormones and its function is regulated by the hypothalamus.

The entirety of a process in which information is transmitted within a biological system. This process begins with an active signal and ends when a cellular response has been triggered.

The specification and formation of anisotropic intracellular organization or cell growth patterns.

The process in which relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate and its subsequent development to the mature state.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of Wnt signal transduction.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the Wnt signaling pathway.

The specification of male sex of an individual organism.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the respiratory tube over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The respiratory tube is assumed to mean any tube in the respiratory tract.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the lung over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In all air-breathing vertebrates the lungs are developed from the ventral wall of the oesophagus as a pouch which divides into two sacs. In amphibians and many reptiles the lungs retain very nearly this primitive sac-like character, but in the higher forms the connection with the esophagus becomes elongated into the windpipe and the inner walls of the sacs become more and more divided, until, in the mammals, the air spaces become minutely divided into tubes ending in small air cells, in the walls of which the blood circulates in a fine network of capillaries. In mammals the lungs are more or less divided into lobes, and each lung occupies a separate cavity in the thorax.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the lung over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In all air-breathing vertebrates the lungs are developed from the ventral wall of the oesophagus as a pouch which divides into two sacs. In amphibians and many reptiles the lungs retain very nearly this primitive sac-like character, but in the higher forms the connection with the esophagus becomes elongated into the windpipe and the inner walls of the sacs become more and more divided, until, in the mammals, the air spaces become minutely divided into tubes ending in small air cells, in the walls of which the blood circulates in a fine network of capillaries. In mammals the lungs are more or less divided into lobes, and each lung occupies a separate cavity in the thorax.

The process, occurring in the embryo, by which the anatomical structures of the limb are generated and organized. A limb is an appendage of an animal used for locomotion or grasping.

The process, occurring in the embryo, by which the anatomical structures of the limb are generated and organized. A limb is an appendage of an animal used for locomotion or grasping.

The process, occurring in the embryo, by which the anatomical structures of the limb are generated and organized. A limb is an appendage of an animal used for locomotion or grasping.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell migration.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the male genitalia over time, from its formation to the mature structure.

Construction of the vitelline membrane portion of the egg shell, a rigid structure required to maintain the shape of the egg.

The process that occurs during oogenesis involving the ovarian follicle cells, somatic cells which surround the germ cells of an ovary. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.

Development of ovarian follicle cells to create the interfollicular stalks that connect the egg chambers of progressive developmental stages. An example of this process is found in Drosophila melanogaster.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the prostate gland over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The prostate gland is a partly muscular, partly glandular body that is situated near the base of the mammalian male urethra and secretes an alkaline viscid fluid which is a major constituent of the ejaculatory fluid.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the prostate gland over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The prostate gland is a partly muscular, partly glandular body that is situated near the base of the mammalian male urethra and secretes an alkaline viscid fluid which is a major constituent of the ejaculatory fluid.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell differentiation.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the thyroid gland over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The thyroid gland is an endoderm-derived gland that produces thyroid hormone.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the forebrain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The forebrain is the anterior of the three primary divisions of the developing chordate brain or the corresponding part of the adult brain (in vertebrates, includes especially the cerebral hemispheres, the thalamus, and the hypothalamus and especially in higher vertebrates is the main control center for sensory and associative information processing, visceral functions, and voluntary motor functions).

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the midbrain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The midbrain is the middle division of the three primary divisions of the developing chordate brain or the corresponding part of the adult brain (in vertebrates, includes a ventral part containing the cerebral peduncles and a dorsal tectum containing the corpora quadrigemina and that surrounds the aqueduct of Sylvius connecting the third and fourth ventricles).

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the hindbrain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The hindbrain is the posterior of the three primary divisions of the developing chordate brain, or the corresponding part of the adult brain (in vertebrates, includes the cerebellum, pons, and medulla oblongata and controls the autonomic functions and equilibrium).

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor signaling pathway activity.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the pancreas over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The pancreas is an endoderm derived structure that produces precursors of digestive enzymes and blood glucose regulating enzymes.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the pancreas over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The pancreas is an endoderm derived structure that produces precursors of digestive enzymes and blood glucose regulating enzymes.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the endocrine pancreas over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The endocrine pancreas is made up of islet cells that produce insulin, glucagon and somatostatin.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the endocrine pancreas over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The endocrine pancreas is made up of islet cells that produce insulin, glucagon and somatostatin.

The process in which the anatomical structures of the hair follicle are generated and organized.

The process occurring during the embryonic phase whose specific outcome is the progression of the eye over time, from its formation to the mature structure.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the addition of ubiquitin groups to a protein.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of chondrocyte differentiation.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of ubiquitin, and mediated by the proteasome.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a retinoic acid stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a retinoic acid stimulus.

The progression of the glomerulus over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The glomerulus is a capillary tuft which forms a close network with the visceral epithelium (podocytes) and the mesangium to form the filtration barrier and is surrounded by Bowman's capsule in nephrons of the vertebrate kidney. The glomerulus is part of the nephron and is restricted to one body segment.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of collagen, any of a group of fibrous proteins of very high tensile strength that form the main component of connective tissue in animals.

The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a T cell via a differentiation pathway dependent upon transit through the thymus.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of T cell differentiation in the thymus.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of T cell differentiation in the thymus.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of immature T cell proliferation in the thymus.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of immature T cell proliferation in the thymus.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of immature T cell proliferation in the thymus.

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of a Leydig cell. A Leydig cell is a testosterone-secreting cell in the interstitial area, between the seminiferous tubules, in the testis.

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of a Leydig cell. A Leydig cell is a testosterone-secreting cell in the interstitial area, between the seminiferous tubules, in the testis.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the pectoral fin over time, from its formation to the mature structure.

The progression of the floor plate over time from its initial formation until its mature state.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription elongation, the extension of an RNA molecule after transcription initiation and promoter clearance by the addition of ribonucleotides, catalyzed by RNA polymerase II.

A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within the nucleus.

The process, occurring in the embryo, by which the anatomical structures of the forelimb are generated and organized. The forelimbs are the front limbs of an animal, e.g. the arms of a human.

The process, occurring in the embryo, by which the anatomical structures of the hindlimbs are generated and organized. The hindlimbs are the posterior limbs of an animal.

The process in which the anatomical structures of the caudal fin are generated and organized. A caudal fin is an unpaired medial fin mounted at the caudal end of the fish, and is the main fin used for propulsion.

Progression of the genital imaginal disc over time, from its initial formation through to its metamorphosis to form the adult terminalia, comprising the entire set of internal and external genitalia and analia. Both sexes of Drosophila have a single genital disc formed from the female and male genital primordia, and the anal primordium. The anal primordium develops in both sexes, forming either male or female analia. However, only one of the genital primordia develops in each sex, forming either the male or the female genitalia.

Progression of the genital imaginal disc over time, from its initial formation through to its metamorphosis to form the adult terminalia, comprising the entire set of internal and external genitalia and analia. Both sexes of Drosophila have a single genital disc formed from the female and male genital primordia, and the anal primordium. The anal primordium develops in both sexes, forming either male or female analia. However, only one of the genital primordia develops in each sex, forming either the male or the female genitalia.

Progression of the labial imaginal disc over time, from its initial formation through to its metamorphosis to form adult structures including parts of the proboscis.

The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of the anterior/posterior axis of the genital disc. An anterior and posterior compartment form in each of the three genital disc primoridia (the female genital disc primordium, the male genital disc primordium and the anal primordium).

Formation of a cytoneme, a long, thin and polarized actin-based cytoplasmic extension that projects from a cell.

The directed movement of a germ cell from their site of production to the gonad, through the attraction of cells towards their target.

The increase in size or mass of an entire multicellular organism, as opposed to cell growth.

The process in which the anatomical structures of a spiracle are generated and organized. Spiracles are the openings in the insect open tracheal system; externally they connect to the epidermis and internally they connect to the tracheal trunk.

Partitioning the insect head anlage into procephalic (labral, (ocular), antennal and intercalary) segments. The procephalic segments lie anterior to the gnathal (posterior head) segments, and are pattered by different segmentation gene cascades to the abdominal, thoracic and posterior head (gnathal) segments.

Partitioning the posterior region of the insect head anlage into gnathal (mandibular, maxillary and labial) segments. Unlike the anterior head (procephalic) segments, formation of the posterior head (gnathal) segments occurs by a similar mechanism to trunk segmentation, where a cascade of gap genes, pair-rule genes and segment-polarity genes subdivide the embryo into progressively smaller domains.

Partitioning of the blastoderm embryo into trunk segmental units. In Drosophila, the trunk segments include thoracic segments and abdominal segments A1 to A8.

The increase in size or mass of an entire organism, a part of an organism or a cell.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the growth of all or part of an organism so that it occurs at its proper speed, either globally or in a specific part of the organism's development.

The process that results in the generation of glial cells. This includes the production of glial progenitors and their differentiation into mature glia.

The self-renewing division of a germline stem cell to produce a daughter stem cell and a daughter germ cell, which will divide to form the gametes.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of T cell proliferation.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein by the destruction of the native, active configuration, with or without the hydrolysis of peptide bonds.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of movement of proteins from the cytoplasm to the nucleus.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of movement of proteins from the cytoplasm into the nucleus.

Development of a photoreceptor, a sensory cell in the eye that reacts to the presence of light. They usually contain a pigment that undergoes a chemical change when light is absorbed, thus stimulating a nerve.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a dentin-containing tooth over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A dentin-containing tooth is a hard, bony organ borne on the jaw or other bone of a vertebrate, and is composed mainly of dentin, a dense calcified substance, covered by a layer of enamel.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a tooth or teeth over time, from formation to the mature structure(s). A tooth is any hard bony, calcareous, or chitinous organ found in the mouth or pharynx of an animal and used in procuring or masticating food.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a tooth or teeth over time, from formation to the mature structure(s). A tooth is any hard bony, calcareous, or chitinous organ found in the mouth or pharynx of an animal and used in procuring or masticating food.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the formation and development of a tooth or teeth.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the formation and development of a tooth or teeth.

The process in which myelin sheaths are formed and maintained around neurons. Oligodendrocytes in the brain and spinal cord and Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system wrap axons with compact layers of their plasma membrane. Adjacent myelin segments are separated by a non-myelinated stretch of axon called a node of Ranvier.

The process in which myelin sheaths are formed and maintained around neurons. Oligodendrocytes in the brain and spinal cord and Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system wrap axons with compact layers of their plasma membrane. Adjacent myelin segments are separated by a non-myelinated stretch of axon called a node of Ranvier.

The process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a muscle cell in an environment that is neutral with respect to the developmental pathway; upon specification, the cell fate can be reversed.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the movement of a transcription factor from the cytoplasm to the nucleus.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the camera-type eye over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The camera-type eye is an organ of sight that receives light through an aperture and focuses it through a lens, projecting it on a photoreceptor field.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process.

The process in which an immature T cell commits to CD4-positive T cell lineage or the CD8-positive lineage of alpha-beta T cells.

The process in which an immature T cell commits to CD4-positive T cell lineage or the CD8-positive lineage of alpha-beta T cells.

The process in which an immature T cell commits to CD4-positive T cell lineage or the CD8-positive lineage of alpha-beta T cells.

The process in which an immature T cell commits to CD4-positive T cell lineage or the CD8-positive lineage of alpha-beta T cells.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the tongue over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The tongue is the movable, muscular organ on the floor of the mouth of most vertebrates, in many other mammals is the principal organ of taste, aids in the prehension of food, in swallowing, and in modifying the voice as in speech.

The process in which the anatomical structures of the tongue are generated and organized. The tongue is the movable, muscular organ on the floor of the mouth of most vertebrates, in man other mammals is the principal organ of taste, aids in the prehension of food, in swallowing, and in modifying the voice as in speech.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the skin over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The skin is the external membranous integument of an animal. In vertebrates the skin generally consists of two layers, an outer nonsensitive and nonvascular epidermis (cuticle or skarfskin) composed of cells which are constantly growing and multiplying in the deeper, and being thrown off in the superficial layers, as well as an inner vascular dermis (cutis, corium or true skin) composed mostly of connective tissue.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of stimulus by an estrogen, C18 steroid hormones that can stimulate the development of female sexual characteristics.

The process of sparing immature T cells in the thymus which react with self-MHC protein complexes with low affinity levels from apoptotic death.

The process of elimination of immature T cells in the thymus which react strongly with self-antigens.

Control of the spatial distribution of intermediate filaments; includes organizing filaments into meshworks, bundles, or other structures, as by cross-linking.

The commitment of cells to specific cell fates and their capacity to differentiate into particular kinds of cells. Positional information is established through protein signals that emanate from a localized source within a cell (the initial one-cell zygote) or within a developmental field.

Signaling at long or short range between cells that results in the commitment of a cell to a certain fate.

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a myoblast. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into striated muscle fibers.

The process in which specialized cells known as osteoclasts degrade the organic and inorganic portions of bone, and endocytose and transport the degradation products.

The process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into an R8 cell in an environment that is neutral with respect to the developmental pathway; upon specification, the cell fate can be reversed.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an ethanol stimulus.

Any process preventing the degeneration of the photoreceptor, a specialized cell type that is sensitive to light.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell differentiation, the process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and functional features.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell differentiation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell differentiation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neuron differentiation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway activity.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of smoothened signaling.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of smoothened signaling.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of smoothened signaling.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of photoreceptor cell differentiation. An example of this process is found in Drosophila melanogaster.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of growth of an organ of an organism.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of alpha-beta T cell differentiation.

The developmental process that results in the deposition of coloring matter in an organism, tissue or cell.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of establishment of a pattern of pigment in the eye of an organism.

Formation and/or maintenance of a lineage boundary between anterior and posterior compartments that cells cannot cross, thus separating the populations of cells in each compartment.

The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of the anterior/posterior axis of the wing disc, a precursor to the wing.

The self-renewing division of a somatic stem cell, a stem cell that can give rise to cell types of the body other than those of the germ-line.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a specific fate.

A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a cell to attain its fully functional state.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the thymus over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The thymus is a symmetric bi-lobed organ involved primarily in the differentiation of immature to mature T cells, with unique vascular, nervous, epithelial, and lymphoid cell components.

The process in which the anatomical structures of the digestive tract are generated and organized. The digestive tract is the anatomical structure through which food passes and is processed.

The process in which the anatomical structures of the digestive tract are generated and organized during embryonic development. The digestive tract is the anatomical structure through which food passes and is processed.

Development, taking place during the embryonic phase, of a tissue or tissues that work together to perform a specific function or functions. Development pertains to the process whose specific outcome is the progression of a structure over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that work together to perform a specific function or functions.

The increase in size or mass of an entire organism, a part of an organism or a cell, where the increase in size or mass has the specific outcome of the progression of the organism over time from one condition to another.

The process in which the anatomical structures of the eye are generated and organized.

The process in which the anatomical structures of the eye are generated and organized during embryonic development.

The process in which anatomical structures are generated and organized during the embryonic phase. The embryonic phase begins with zygote formation. The end of the embryonic phase is organism-specific. For example, it would be at birth for mammals, larval hatching for insects and seed dormancy in plants.

The process in which the anatomical structures of the foregut are generated and organized, during the embryonic phase.

The process in which the anatomical structures of the foregut are generated and organized, during the post-embryonic phase.

Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of skeletal muscle tissue development.

The process pertaining to the initial formation of an animal organ from unspecified parts. The process begins with the specific processes that contribute to the appearance of the discrete structure, such as inductive events, and ends when the structural rudiment of the organ is recognizable, such as a condensation of mesenchymal cells into the organ rudiment. Organs are a natural part or structure in an animal or a plant, capable of performing some special action (termed its function), which is essential to the life or well-being of the whole. The heart and lungs are organs of animals, and the petal and leaf are organs of plants. In animals the organs are generally made up of several tissues, one of which usually predominates, and determines the principal function of the organ.

The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of an anatomical structure from unspecified parts. This process begins with the specific processes that contribute to the appearance of the discrete structure and ends when the structural rudiment is recognizable. An anatomical structure is any biological entity that occupies space and is distinguished from its surroundings. Anatomical structures can be macroscopic such as a carpel, or microscopic such as an acrosome.

The process in which the developmental fate of a cell becomes restricted such that it will develop into a neuron.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an axon injury stimulus.

The process in which the anatomical structures of the neurocranium are generated and organized during the embryonic phase. The neurocranium is the portion of the vertebrate skull surrounding the brain.

The process in which the anatomical structures of the viscerocranium are generated and organized during the embryonic phase. The viscerocranium is the part of the skull comprising the facial bones.

The process, occurring during the embryonic phase, whose specific outcome is the progression of the skeleton over time, from its formation to the mature structure.

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of an oligodendrocyte. An oligodendrocyte is a type of glial cell involved in myelinating the axons of neurons in the central nervous system.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of oligodendrocyte differentiation.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the skeletal muscle fiber over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Muscle fibers are formed by the maturation of myotubes. They can be classed as slow, intermediate/fast or fast.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the skeletal muscle fiber over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Muscle fibers are formed by the maturation of myotubes. They can be classed as slow, intermediate/fast or fast.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of smooth muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure.

The process in which the anatomical structures of branches in an epithelial tube are generated and organized. A tube is a long hollow cylinder.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the pronephros over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In mammals, the pronephros is the first of the three embryonic kidneys to be established and exists only transiently. In lower vertebrates such as fish and amphibia, the pronephros is the fully functional embryonic kidney and is indispensable for larval life.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the swim bladder over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The swim bladder is used by some fishes to maintain buoyancy and may function in addition as a sound producing organ, a sound receptor, and a respiratory organ.

The process in which the anatomical structures of male genitalia are generated and organized.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the inner ear over time, from its formation to the mature structure.

The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of an anatomical structure from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the structure and ends with the mature structure, whatever form that may be including its natural destruction. An anatomical structure is any biological entity that occupies space and is distinguished from its surroundings. Anatomical structures can be macroscopic such as a carpel, or microscopic such as an acrosome.

The process in which the limits of an anatomical structure are generated. An anatomical structure is any biological entity that occupies space and is distinguished from its surroundings. Anatomical structures can be macroscopic such as a carpel, or microscopic such as an acrosome.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the stem cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to its specific fate.

Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of epithelial cell proliferation.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus.

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a striated muscle cell; striated muscle fibers are divided by transverse bands into striations, and cardiac and voluntary muscle are types of striated muscle.

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a striated muscle cell; striated muscle fibers are divided by transverse bands into striations, and cardiac and voluntary muscle are types of striated muscle.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of striated muscle cell differentiation.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a cartilage element over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cartilage elements are skeletal elements that consist of connective tissue dominated by extracellular matrix containing collagen type II and large amounts of proteoglycan, particularly chondroitin sulfate.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a cartilage element over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cartilage elements are skeletal elements that consist of connective tissue dominated by extracellular matrix containing collagen type II and large amounts of proteoglycan, particularly chondroitin sulfate.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell division.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell division.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a striated muscle cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Striated muscle cells contain fibers that are divided by transverse bands into striations, and cardiac and skeletal muscle are types of striated muscle.

The process in which neuroepithelial cells of the neural tube give rise to Brgmann glial cells, specialized bipotential progenitors cells of the cerebellum. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate.

The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of the palate from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the structure and ends with the mature structure. The palate is the partition that separates the nasal and oral cavities.

The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by propagation of the signal via beta-catenin, and ending with a change in transcription of target genes. In this pathway, the activated receptor signals via downstream effectors that result in the inhibition of beta-catenin phosphorylation, thereby preventing degradation of beta-catenin. Stabilized beta-catenin can then accumulate and travel to the nucleus to trigger changes in transcription of target genes.

A reproductive process occurring in the mother that allows an embryo or fetus to develop within it.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a limb over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A limb is an appendage of an animal used for locomotion or grasping. Examples include legs, arms or some types of fin.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a limb over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A limb is an appendage of an animal used for locomotion or grasping. Examples include legs, arms or some types of fin.

The process pertaining to the initial formation of a limb bud from unspecified parts. This process begins with the formation of a local condensation of mesenchyme cells within the prospective limb field, and ends when a limb bud is recognizable.

The process in which the developmental fate of a cell becomes restricted such that it will develop into a photoreceptor cell in a camera-type eye.

The process in which the anatomical structures of the head are generated and organized. The head is the anterior-most division of the body.

Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of penile erection. Penile erection is the hardening, enlarging and rising of the penis which often occurs in the sexually aroused male and enables sexual intercourse. Achieved by increased inflow of blood into the vessels of erectile tissue, and decreased outflow.

The process in which the anatomical structures of the lung are generated and organized.

The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of the lung epithelium from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of lung epithelium and ends with the mature structure. The lung epithelium is the specialized epithelium that lines the inside of the lung.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a trachea over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The trachea is the portion of the airway that attaches to the bronchi as it branches.

The process in which a trachea is generated and organized. The trachea is the portion of the airway that attaches to the bronchi as it branches.

The process in which a highly ordered sequence of patterning events generates the branched epithelial tubes of the lung, consisting of reiterated combinations of bud outgrowth, elongation, and dichotomous subdivision of terminal units.

The process in which a highly ordered sequence of patterning events generates the branched epithelial tubes of the lung, consisting of reiterated combinations of bud outgrowth, elongation, and dichotomous subdivision of terminal units.

The process in which the branching structure of the prostate gland is generated and organized. A branch is a division or offshoot from a main stem.

The process in which the branching structure of the salivary gland is generated and organized.

The process in which the branching structure of the salivary gland is generated and organized.

The process in which a region of the lung epithelium initiates an outgrowth.

The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a right lung from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the right lung and ends with the mature structure. The right lung is the lung which is on the right side of the anterior posterior axis looking from a dorsal to ventral aspect.

The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a left lung from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the left lung and ends with the mature structure. The left lung is the lung which is on the left side of the anterior posterior axis looking from a dorsal to ventral aspect.

The process in which the anatomical structures of a lung lobe are generated and organized. A lung lobe is a projection that extends from the lung.

The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a lung-associated mesenchyme from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of lung-associated mesenchyme and ends with the mature structure. Lung-associated mesenchyme is the tissue made up of loosely connected mesenchymal cells in the lung.

The increase in size of the prostatic bud as it forms.

The developmental growth process in which solid chords of prostate epithelium increase in length.

The process involved in the specification of the identity of a cell in a field of cells that is being instructed as to how to differentiate. Once specification has taken place, that cell will be committed to differentiate down a specific pathway if left in its normal environment.

The process involved in the specification of the identity of a cell in a field of cells that is being instructed as to how to differentiate. Once specification has taken place, that cell will be committed to differentiate down a specific pathway if left in its normal environment.

The process in which the solid core of salivary epithelium gives rise to the hollow tube of the gland.

The multiplication or reproduction of epithelial cells of the submandibular salivary gland, resulting in the expansion of a cell population and the shaping of the gland.

Any process that results in the transfer of information from an epithelial cell to a mesenchymal cell where it is interpreted.

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of prostatic bud formation, the morphogenetic process in which a region of the fetal urogenital sinus epithelium is specified to become the prostate, resulting in prostate bud outgrowth.

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of prostatic bud formation, the morphogenetic process in which a region of the fetal urogenital sinus epithelium is specified to become the prostate, resulting in prostate bud outgrowth.

Any process that results in the transfer of information from an epithelial cell to a mesenchymal cell where it is interpreted and contributes to the progression of the prostate gland over time.

Any process that results in the transfer of information from an epithelial cell to a mesenchymal cell where it is interpreted and contributes to the progression of the prostate gland over time.

Any process that results in the transfer of information from an epithelial cell to a mesenchymal cell where it is interpreted and contributes to the progression of the prostate gland over time.

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of epithelial cell proliferation that contributes to the progression of the prostate gland over time.

Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of epithelial cell proliferation that contributes to the progression of the prostate gland over time.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal cell proliferation that contributes to the progression of the prostate gland over time. A mesenchymal cell is a cell that normally gives rise to other cells that are organized as three-dimensional masses, rather than sheets.

The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of activation of the transmembrane Smoothened-type protein in the mesenchymal cells of the prostate that contribute to the progression of the prostate over time. This process contributes to lung development.

The progression of the artery over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. An artery is a blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart to a capillary bed.

The progression of the artery over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. An artery is a blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart to a capillary bed.

The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of the heart from unspecified parts. This process begins with the specific processes that contribute to the appearance of the heart field and the arrival of cardiac neural crest to the heart region. The process ends when the structural rudiment is recognizable.

The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a mesenchymal cell population that contributes to the progression of the lung over time. A mesenchymal cell is a cell that normally gives rise to other cells that are organized as three-dimensional masses, rather than sheets.

The differentiation of endothelial cells from progenitor cells that contributes to blood vessel development in the heart, and the de novo formation of blood vessels and tubes.

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of cartilage development, the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cartilage over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cartilage is a connective tissue dominated by extracellular matrix containing collagen type II and large amounts of proteoglycan, particularly chondroitin sulfate.

Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the progression of the sclerotome over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. The sclerotome is the portion of the somite that will give rise to a vertebra.

Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the progression of the sclerotome over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. The sclerotome is the portion of the somite that will give rise to a vertebra.

The progression of the fungiform papilla over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The fungiform papilla is a mushroom-shaped papilla of the tongue.

The process in which the anatomical structures of the fungiform papilla are generated and organized. The fungiform papilla is a mushroom-shaped papilla of the tongue.

The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a spongiform papilla from unspecified parts. The fungiform papilla is a mushroom-shaped papilla of the tongue.

The multiplication or reproduction of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells by cell division, resulting in the expansion of their population. Oligodendrocyte progenitors give rise to oligodendrocytes, which form the insulating myelin sheath of axons in the central nervous system.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of oligodendrocyte progenitor proliferation.

Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of oligodendrocyte progenitor proliferation.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a lithium (Li+) ion stimulus.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the renal system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The renal system maintains fluid balance and contributes to electrolyte balance, acid/base balance, and disposal of nitrogenous waste products. In humans, the renal system comprises a pair of kidneys, a pair of ureters, urinary bladder, urethra, sphincter muscle and associated blood vessels.

The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a metanephric mesenchymal cell population.

The process, occurring during the embryonic phase, whose specific outcome is the progression of the skeletal joints over time, from formation to mature structure.

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of the Wnt signaling pathway through beta-catenin, the series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by propagation of the signal via beta-catenin, and ending with a change in transcription of target genes.

The attachment of an epithelial cell to another epithelial cell via adhesion molecules.

Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of cholesterol efflux. Cholesterol efflux is the directed movement of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3-beta-ol, out of a cell or organelle.