A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of the peptide hormone prolactin to a receptor on the surface of a cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.

The set of processes resulting in differentiation of theca and granulosa cells into luteal cells and in the formation of a corpus luteum after ovulation.

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a natural killer cell.

Any process in which STAT proteins (Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription) and JAK (Janus Activated Kinase) proteins convey a signal to trigger a change in the activity or state of a cell. The JAK-STAT cascade begins with activation of STAT proteins by members of the JAK family of tyrosine kinases, proceeds through dimerization and subsequent nuclear translocation of STAT proteins, and ends with regulation of target gene expression by STAT proteins.

The set of physiological processes that allow an embryo or foetus to develop within the body of a female animal. It covers the time from fertilization of a female ovum by a male spermatozoon until birth.

The regulated release of milk from the mammary glands and the period of time that a mother lactates to feed her young.

Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell proliferation.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving steroids.

A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a cytokine to a receptor on the surface of a cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

The accumulation and maintenance in cells or tissues of lipids, compounds soluble in organic solvents but insoluble or sparingly soluble in aqueous solvents. Lipid reserves can be accumulated during early developmental stages for mobilization and utilization at later stages of development.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of attachment of a cell to another cell or to the extracellular matrix.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell differentiation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of growth of an organism to reach its usual body size.

Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of activated T cell proliferation.

The process of regulating the proliferation and elimination of T cells such that the total number of T cells within a whole or part of an organism is stable over time in the absence of an outside stimulus.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-2.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of B cell differentiation.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of erythrocyte differentiation.

Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of progression through the mitotic cell cycle.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the secondary female sexual characteristics over time, from their formation to the mature structures. In female humans, these include growth of axillary and pubic hair, breast development and menstrual periods. Their development occurs in response to sex hormone secretion.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the inflammatory response.

Any process in which STAT proteins (Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription) and JAK (Janus Activated Kinase) proteins convey a signal to trigger a change in the activity or state of a cell. The JAK-STAT cascade begins with activation of STAT proteins by members of the JAK family of tyrosine kinases, proceeds through dimerization and subsequent nuclear translocation of STAT proteins, and ends with regulation of target gene expression by STAT proteins.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of erythrocyte differentiation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.

The process in which STAT proteins (Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription) are activated by members of the JAK (janus activated kinase) family of tyrosine kinases, following the binding of physiological ligands to the growth hormone receptor. Once activated, STATs dimerize and translocate to the nucleus and modulate the expression of target genes.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a growth factor stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an epidermal growth factor stimulus.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.

Any process in which STAT proteins (Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription) and JAK (Janus Activated Kinase) proteins convey a signal to trigger a change in the activity or state of a cell. The JAK-STAT cascade begins with activation of STAT proteins by members of the JAK family of tyrosine kinases, proceeds through dimerization and subsequent nuclear translocation of STAT proteins, and ends with regulation of target gene expression by STAT proteins.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the mammary gland over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The mammary gland is a large compound sebaceous gland that in female mammals is modified to secrete milk. Its development starts with the formation of the mammary line and ends as the mature gland cycles between nursing and weaning stages.

A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of interleukin-4 to a receptor on the surface of a cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.

The process in which STAT proteins (Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription) are activated by members of the JAK (janus activated kinase) family of tyrosine kinases, following the binding of physiological ligands to the growth hormone receptor. Once activated, STATs dimerize and translocate to the nucleus and modulate the expression of target genes.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving allantoin, (2,5-dioxo-4-imidazolidinyl)urea, an intermediate or end product of purine catabolism.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving allantoin, (2,5-dioxo-4-imidazolidinyl)urea, an intermediate or end product of purine catabolism.

The set of processes resulting in differentiation of theca and granulosa cells into luteal cells and in the formation of a corpus luteum after ovulation.

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a natural killer cell.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving citrate, 2-hydroxy-1,2,3-propanetricarboyxlate. Citrate is widely distributed in nature and is an important intermediate in the TCA cycle and the glyoxylate cycle.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving citrate, 2-hydroxy-1,2,3-propanetricarboyxlate. Citrate is widely distributed in nature and is an important intermediate in the TCA cycle and the glyoxylate cycle.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving oxoglutarate, the dianion of 2-oxoglutaric acid. It is a key constituent of the TCA cycle and a key intermediate in amino-acid metabolism.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving oxoglutarate, the dianion of 2-oxoglutaric acid. It is a key constituent of the TCA cycle and a key intermediate in amino-acid metabolism.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving succinate, also known as butanedioate or ethane dicarboxylate, the dianion of succinic acid. Succinate is an important intermediate in metabolism and a component of the TCA cycle.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving succinate, also known as butanedioate or ethane dicarboxylate, the dianion of succinic acid. Succinate is an important intermediate in metabolism and a component of the TCA cycle.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving oxaloacetate, the anion of oxobutanedioic acid, an important intermediate in metabolism, especially as a component of the TCA cycle.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving oxaloacetate, the anion of oxobutanedioic acid, an important intermediate in metabolism, especially as a component of the TCA cycle.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.

The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase II, originating at an RNA polymerase II promoter. Includes transcription of messenger RNA (mRNA) and certain small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs).

The chemical reactions and pathways involving isoleucine, (2R*,3R*)-2-amino-3-methylpentanoic acid.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving isoleucine, (2R*,3R*)-2-amino-3-methylpentanoic acid.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving valine, 2-amino-3-methylbutanoic acid.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving valine, 2-amino-3-methylbutanoic acid.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving creatine (N-(aminoiminomethyl)-N-methylglycine), a compound synthesized from the amino acids arginine, glycine, and methionine that occurs in muscle.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving creatine (N-(aminoiminomethyl)-N-methylglycine), a compound synthesized from the amino acids arginine, glycine, and methionine that occurs in muscle.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving fatty acids, aliphatic monocarboxylic acids liberated from naturally occurring fats and oils by hydrolysis.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving fatty acids, aliphatic monocarboxylic acids liberated from naturally occurring fats and oils by hydrolysis.

Any process in which STAT proteins (Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription) and JAK (Janus Activated Kinase) proteins convey a signal to trigger a change in the activity or state of a cell. The JAK-STAT cascade begins with activation of STAT proteins by members of the JAK family of tyrosine kinases, proceeds through dimerization and subsequent nuclear translocation of STAT proteins, and ends with regulation of target gene expression by STAT proteins.

Any process in which STAT proteins (Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription) and JAK (Janus Activated Kinase) proteins convey a signal to trigger a change in the activity or state of a cell. The JAK-STAT cascade begins with activation of STAT proteins by members of the JAK family of tyrosine kinases, proceeds through dimerization and subsequent nuclear translocation of STAT proteins, and ends with regulation of target gene expression by STAT proteins.

The set of physiological processes that allow an embryo or foetus to develop within the body of a female animal. It covers the time from fertilization of a female ovum by a male spermatozoon until birth.

The regulated release of milk from the mammary glands and the period of time that a mother lactates to feed her young.

Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell proliferation.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving steroids.

A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a cytokine to a receptor on the surface of a cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving taurine (2-aminoethanesulfonic acid), a sulphur-containing amino acid derivative important in the metabolism of fats.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving taurine (2-aminoethanesulfonic acid), a sulphur-containing amino acid derivative important in the metabolism of fats.

The accumulation and maintenance in cells or tissues of lipids, compounds soluble in organic solvents but insoluble or sparingly soluble in aqueous solvents. Lipid reserves can be accumulated during early developmental stages for mobilization and utilization at later stages of development.

The process in which a relatively unspecialized precursor cell acquires specialized features of a lymphocyte. A lymphocyte is a leukocyte commonly found in the blood and lymph that has the characteristics of a large nucleus, a neutral staining cytoplasm, and prominent heterochromatin.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of attachment of a cell to another cell or to the extracellular matrix.

The process in which a myeloid precursor cell acquires specializes features of an erythrocyte.

The process in which a myeloid precursor cell acquires specializes features of an erythrocyte.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell differentiation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer cell differentiation.

The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a T cell via a differentiation pathway dependent upon transit through the thymus.

A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of the peptide hormone prolactin to a receptor on the surface of a cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of growth of the body of an organism so that it reaches its usual body size.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of growth of the body of an organism so that it reaches its usual body size.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of growth of an organism to reach its usual body size.

Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of activated T cell proliferation.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving progesterone, a steroid hormone produced in the ovary which prepares and maintains the uterus for pregnancy. Also found in plants.

The process of regulating the proliferation and elimination of T cells such that the total number of T cells within a whole or part of an organism is stable over time in the absence of an outside stimulus.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a peptide hormone stimulus. A peptide hormone is any of a class of peptides that are secreted into the blood stream and have endocrine functions in living animals.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of interleukin-2.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an ethanol stimulus.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of B cell differentiation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of gamma-delta T cell differentiation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of lymphocyte differentiation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of myeloid cell differentiation.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of erythrocyte differentiation.

Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of progression through the mitotic cell cycle.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving creatinine, 2-amino-1,5-dihydro-1-methyl-4H-imidazol-4-one, an end product of creatine metabolism and a normal constituent of urine.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving creatinine, 2-amino-1,5-dihydro-1-methyl-4H-imidazol-4-one, an end product of creatine metabolism and a normal constituent of urine.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the secondary female sexual characteristics over time, from their formation to the mature structures. In female humans, these include growth of axillary and pubic hair, breast development and menstrual periods. Their development occurs in response to sex hormone secretion.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the secondary male sexual characteristics over time, from their formation to the mature structures. In male humans, these include growth of axillary, chest, and pubic hair, voice changes, and testicular/penile enlargement. Development occurs in response to sex hormone secretion.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the secondary male sexual characteristics over time, from their formation to the mature structures. In male humans, these include growth of axillary, chest, and pubic hair, voice changes, and testicular/penile enlargement. Development occurs in response to sex hormone secretion.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the secondary male sexual characteristics over time, from their formation to the mature structures. In male humans, these include growth of axillary, chest, and pubic hair, voice changes, and testicular/penile enlargement. Development occurs in response to sex hormone secretion.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of Peyer's patches over time, from their formation to the mature structure. Peyer's patches are typically found as nodules associated with gut epithelium with distinct internal structures including B- and T-zones for the activation of lymphocytes.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an erythrocyte over time, from its formation to the mature structure.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the inflammatory response.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.

The set of processes resulting in differentiation of theca and granulosa cells into luteal cells and in the formation of a corpus luteum after ovulation.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating lowered oxygen tension. Hypoxia, defined as a decline in O2 levels below normoxic levels of 20.8 - 20.95%, results in metabolic adaptation at both the cellular and organismal level.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the liver over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The liver is an exocrine gland which secretes bile and functions in metabolism of protein and carbohydrate and fat, synthesizes substances involved in the clotting of the blood, synthesizes vitamin A, detoxifies poisonous substances, stores glycogen, and breaks down worn-out erythrocytes.

Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of endothelial cell proliferation.

Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of endothelial cell proliferation.

Any host process that results in the promotion of antiviral immune response mechanisms, thereby limiting viral replication.

The process in which a CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell becomes committed to becoming a T-helper 1 cell, a CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell specialized to promote immunological processes often associated with resistance to intracellular bacteria, fungi, and protozoa, and pathological conditions such as arthritis.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of a type 2 immune response.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.

Reactions, triggered in response to the presence of a foreign body or the occurrence of an injury, which result in restriction of damage to the organism attacked or prevention/recovery from the infection caused by the attack.

An acute inflammatory response that involves non-antibody proteins whose concentrations in the plasma increase in response to infection or injury of homeothermic animals.

An immune response mediated through a body fluid.

The cellular process in which a signal is conveyed to trigger a change in the activity or state of a cell. Signal transduction begins with reception of a signal (e.g. a ligand binding to a receptor or receptor activation by a stimulus such as light), or for signal transduction in the absence of ligand, signal-withdrawal or the activity of a constitutively active receptor. Signal transduction ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. regulation of transcription or regulation of a metabolic process. Signal transduction covers signaling from receptors located on the surface of the cell and signaling via molecules located within the cell. For signaling between cells, signal transduction is restricted to events at and within the receiving cell.

The cellular process in which a signal is conveyed to trigger a change in the activity or state of a cell. Signal transduction begins with reception of a signal (e.g. a ligand binding to a receptor or receptor activation by a stimulus such as light), or for signal transduction in the absence of ligand, signal-withdrawal or the activity of a constitutively active receptor. Signal transduction ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. regulation of transcription or regulation of a metabolic process. Signal transduction covers signaling from receptors located on the surface of the cell and signaling via molecules located within the cell. For signaling between cells, signal transduction is restricted to events at and within the receiving cell.

The directed movement of a border cell through the nurse cells to reach the oocyte. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.

The directed movement of a border cell through the nurse cells to reach the oocyte. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.

The hierarchical steps resulting in the progressive subdivision of the anterior/posterior axis of the embryo.

The process in which segments assume individual identities; exemplified in insects by the actions of the products of the homeotic genes.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an open tracheal system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. An open tracheal system is a respiratory system, a branched network of epithelial tubes that supplies oxygen to target tissues via spiracles. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.

The cell fate determination process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into an epithelial cell within an open tracheal system regardless of its environment; upon determination, the cell fate cannot be reversed. Tracheal cells are set aside as 10 clusters of approximately 80 cells on each side of the embryo (termed tracheal placodes). An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.

The process in which the anatomical structures of the hindgut are generated and organized.

The process in which the anatomical structures derived from the eye-antennal disc are generated and organized. This includes the transformation of an eye-antennal imaginal disc from a monolayered epithelium in the larvae of holometabolous insects into recognizable adult structures including the eye, antenna, head capsule and maxillary palps.

The process in which the anatomical structures of the imaginal disc-derived wing are generated and organized. The wing is an appendage modified for flying.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the larval somatic muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure.

Any process that establishes and transmits the specification of sexual status of an individual organism.

The sex determination process that results in the initial specification of sexual status of an individual organism.

The establishment of the sex of an organism by physical differentiation.

The set of physiological processes that allow an embryo or foetus to develop within the body of a female animal. It covers the time from fertilization of a female ovum by a male spermatozoon until birth.

The regulated release of milk from the mammary glands and the period of time that a mother lactates to feed her young.

The memory process that deals with the storage, retrieval and modification of information a long time (typically weeks, months or years) after receiving that information. This type of memory is typically dependent on gene transcription regulated by second messenger activation.

Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell proliferation.

Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell proliferation.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of an antimicrobial humoral response.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of an antimicrobial humoral response.

The self-renewing division of a stem cell. A stem cell is an undifferentiated cell, in the embryo or adult, that can undergo unlimited division and give rise to one or several different cell types.

The phosphorylation of peptidyl-tyrosine to form peptidyl-O4'-phospho-L-tyrosine.

A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a cytokine to a receptor on the surface of a cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

The process by which an organism or tissue maintains a population of stem cells of a single type. This can be achieved by a number of mechanisms: stem cell asymmetric division maintains stem cell numbers; stem cell symmetric division increases them; maintenance of a stem cell niche maintains the conditions for commitment to the stem cell fate for some types of stem cell; stem cells may arise de novo from other cell types.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the myeloid and lymphoid derived organ/tissue systems of the blood and other parts of the body over time, from formation to the mature structure. The site of hemopoiesis is variable during development, but occurs primarily in bone marrow or kidney in many adult vertebrates.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the Wnt signaling pathway.

Development of ovarian follicle cells to create the interfollicular stalks that connect the egg chambers of progressive developmental stages. An example of this process is found in Drosophila melanogaster.

Any process by which an organism or tissue maintains a population of germ-line stem cells.

Directed movement of the oocyte, following its specification, from its original central position in the cyst to a posterior position relative to the nurse cells of the egg chamber, and its maintenance in this posterior location. This is the first sign of anterior-posterior asymmetry in the developing egg chamber.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the mammary gland over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The mammary gland is a large compound sebaceous gland that in female mammals is modified to secrete milk. Its development starts with the formation of the mammary line and ends as the mature gland cycles between nursing and weaning stages.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus reflecting the presence, absence, or concentration of nutrients.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of stimulus by estradiol, a C18 steroid hormone hydroxylated at C3 and C17 that acts as a potent estrogen.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of stimulus by estradiol, a C18 steroid hormone hydroxylated at C3 and C17 that acts as a potent estrogen.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of type I interferon production. Type I interferons include the interferon-alpha, beta, delta, episilon, zeta, kappa, tau, and omega gene families.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a lipopolysaccharide stimulus; lipopolysaccharide is a major component of the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer cell proliferation.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a hormone stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a hormone stimulus.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of mast cell apoptotic process.

The multiplication or reproduction of mammary gland epithelial cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. Mammary gland epithelial cells make up the covering of surfaces of the mammary gland. The mammary gland is a large compound sebaceous gland that in female mammals is modified to secrete milk.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cytokine stimulus.

Any process by which an organism retains a population of somatic stem cells, undifferentiated cells in the embryo or adult which can undergo unlimited division and give rise to cell types of the body other than those of the germ-line.

The production of blood cells from the larval lymph gland. The lymph gland consists of three to six bilaterally paired lobes that are attached to the cardioblasts during larval stages, and it degenerates during pupal stages.

The production of blood cells from the larval lymph gland. The lymph gland consists of three to six bilaterally paired lobes that are attached to the cardioblasts during larval stages, and it degenerates during pupal stages.

The process in which a relatively unspecialized hemocyte precursor cell acquires the specialized features of a lamellocyte. Lamellocytes are a hemocyte lineage that exists only in larvae, but are seldom observed in healthy animals. Lamellocytes differentiate massively in the lymph glands after parasitization and are large flat cells devoted to encapsulation of invaders too large to be phagocytosed by plasmatocytes.

The process in which a relatively unspecialized hemocyte precursor cell acquires the specialized features of a lamellocyte. Lamellocytes are a hemocyte lineage that exists only in larvae, but are seldom observed in healthy animals. Lamellocytes differentiate massively in the lymph glands after parasitization and are large flat cells devoted to encapsulation of invaders too large to be phagocytosed by plasmatocytes.

The multiplication or reproduction of hemocytes, resulting in the expansion of the cell population. Hemocytes are blood cells associated with a hemocoel (the cavity containing most of the major organs of the arthropod body) which are involved in defense and clotting of hemolymph, but not involved in transport of oxygen.

A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of interleukin-4 to a receptor on the surface of a cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of growth of an organism to reach its usual body size.

The self-renewing division of a germline stem cell to produce a daughter stem cell and a daughter germ cell, which will divide to form the gametes.

Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of activated T cell proliferation.

Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of activated T cell proliferation.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation.

The chemical reactions and pathways involving progesterone, a steroid hormone produced in the ovary which prepares and maintains the uterus for pregnancy. Also found in plants.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a peptide hormone stimulus. A peptide hormone is any of a class of peptides that are secreted into the blood stream and have endocrine functions in living animals.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the migration of the endothelial cells of blood vessels.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the migration of the endothelial cells of blood vessels.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of stimulus by an estrogen, C18 steroid hormones that can stimulate the development of female sexual characteristics.

The process in which a specialized cell loses the structural or functional features that characterize it in the mature organism, or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Under certain conditions, these cells can revert back to the features of the stem cells that were their ancestors.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of erythrocyte differentiation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of erythrocyte differentiation.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the JAK-STAT signaling pathway.

The self-renewing division of a somatic stem cell, a stem cell that can give rise to cell types of the body other than those of the germ-line.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of isotype switching to IgE isotypes.

The complete process of formation and maturation of an ovum or female gamete from a primordial female germ cell. Examples of this process are found in Mus musculus and Drosophila melanogaster.

The complete process of formation and maturation of an ovum or female gamete from a primordial female germ cell. Examples of this process are found in Mus musculus and Drosophila melanogaster.

The process, occurring above the cellular level, that is pertinent to the reproductive function of a multicellular organism. This includes the integrated processes at the level of tissues and organs.

Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of smooth muscle cell proliferation.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the compound eye over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The compound eye is an organ of sight that contains multiple repeating units, often arranged hexagonally. Each unit has its own lens and photoreceptor cell(s) and can generate either a single pixelated image or multiple images, per eye.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the movement of a cellular component.

The tissue remodeling that removes differentiated mammary epithelia during weaning.

Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of mast cell differentiation, the process in which a relatively unspecialized myeloid precursor cell acquires the specialized features of a mast cell. A mast cell is a cell that is found in almost all tissues containing numerous basophilic granules and capable of releasing large amounts of histamine and heparin upon activation.

The process in which STAT proteins (Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription) are activated by members of the JAK (janus activated kinase) family of tyrosine kinases, following the binding of physiological ligands to the growth hormone receptor. Once activated, STATs dimerize and translocate to the nucleus and modulate the expression of target genes.

The process in which anatomical structures of the mammary gland are generated and organized. Morphogenesis refers to the creation of shape. The mammary gland is a large compound sebaceous gland that in female mammals is modified to secrete milk.

The process in which the anatomical structures of epithelia of the prostate gland are generated and organized. An epithelium consists of closely packed cells arranged in one or more layers, that covers the outer surfaces of the body or lines any internal cavity or tube.

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an epithelial cell of the prostate gland.

The process in which a relatively unspecialized epithelial cell becomes a more specialized epithelial cell of the mammary gland alveolus.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the mammary gland epithelium over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The mammary gland is a large compound sebaceous gland that in female mammals is modified to secrete milk.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the mammary gland epithelium over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The mammary gland is a large compound sebaceous gland that in female mammals is modified to secrete milk.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) stimulus.

Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of mast cell proliferation.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interleukin-2 stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interleukin-4 stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interleukin-15 stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a lipopolysaccharide stimulus; lipopolysaccharide is a major component of the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cytokine stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cytokine stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a growth factor stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an epidermal growth factor stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an organic cyclic compound stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an organic cyclic compound stimulus.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of X-ray radiation. An X-ray is a form of electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength in the range of 10 nanometers to 100 picometers (corresponding to frequencies in the range 30 PHz to 3 EHz).

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor stimulus.

The movement of a mast cell within or between different tissues and organs of the body.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a reactive nitrogen species stimulus.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of complement-dependent cytotoxicity.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of stem cell differentiation.

A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent.

All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures.

The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes.

A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent.

That part of the nuclear content other than the chromosomes or the nucleolus.

All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures.

The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes.

That part of the nuclear content other than the chromosomes or the nucleolus.

That part of the nuclear content other than the chromosomes or the nucleolus.

The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes.

The ordered and organized complex of DNA, protein, and sometimes RNA, that forms the chromosome in the nucleus.

A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent.

All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures.

Either of the lipid bilayers that surround the nucleus and form the nuclear envelope; excludes the intermembrane space.

Either of the lipid bilayers that surround the nucleus and form the nuclear envelope; excludes the intermembrane space.

Any of the small (10-200 nm), heterogeneous, highly dynamic, sterol- and sphingolipid-enriched membrane domains that compartmentalize cellular processes. Small rafts can sometimes be stabilized to form larger platforms through protein-protein and protein-lipid interactions.

The side (leaflet) of the apical region of the plasma membrane that faces the cytoplasm.