The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the dendrite over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A dendrite is a freely branching protoplasmic process of a nerve cell.

Generation of a long process of a CNS neuron, that carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body towards target cells in a different central nervous system region.

Generation of a long process of a CNS neuron, that carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body in one half of the cerebral cortex towards target cells in the contralateral half. This axonal process is a member of those that make up the anterior commissure, a small midline fiber tract that lies at the anterior end of the corpus callosum.

Generation of a long process of a CNS neuron, that carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body in one half of the cerebral cortex towards target cells in the contralateral half. This axonal process is a member of those that make up the anterior commissure, a small midline fiber tract that lies at the anterior end of the corpus callosum.

Any process that modulates the rate, direction or extent of axon extension.

The process in which the migration of an axon growth cone of a neuron in the olfactory bulb is directed to its target in the brain in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues.

The process in which the migration of an axon growth cone of a neuron in the olfactory bulb is directed to its target in the brain in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues.

The characteristic movement of an immature neuron from germinal zones to specific positions where they will reside as they mature.

The formation of a cell surface protrusion, such as a lamellipodium or filopodium, at the leading edge of a migrating cell.

A series of molecular signals within the cell that are mediated by a member of the Ras superfamily of proteins switching to a GTP-bound active state.

The attachment of one cell to another cell via adhesion molecules, where both cells are part of the same organism.

A series of molecular signals within the cell that are mediated by the Cdc42 protein switching to a GTP-bound active state.

The process in which the migration of an axon growth cone is directed to a specific target site along the anterior-posterior body axis in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues. The anterior-posterior axis is defined by a line that runs from the head or mouth of an organism to the tail or opposite end of the organism.

The migration of individual cells within the blastocyst to help establish the multi-layered body plan of the organism (gastrulation). For example, the migration of cells from the surface to the interior of the embryo (ingression).

The migration of individual cells within the blastocyst to help establish the multi-layered body plan of the organism (gastrulation). For example, the migration of cells from the surface to the interior of the embryo (ingression).

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell motility.

Blood vessel formation when new vessels emerge from the proliferation of pre-existing blood vessels.

The process of coordinated growth and sprouting of blood vessels giving rise to the organized vascular system.

The tube morphogenesis process in which the primitive heart tube loops asymmetrically. This looping brings the primitive heart chambers into alignment preceding their future integration. Heart looping begins with dextral-looping and ends when the main regional divisions of the mature heart and primordium of the great arterial trunks become established preceeding septation.

The morphogenetic process in which the heart cone is displaced to the left with respect to the vector of the anterior-posterior axis.

A series of molecular signals that proceeds with an activated receptor promoting the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha-subunit of an associated heterotrimeric G-protein complex. The GTP-bound activated alpha-G-protein then dissociates from the beta- and gamma-subunits to further transmit the signal within the cell. The pathway begins with receptor-ligand interaction, or for basal GPCR signaling the pathway begins with the receptor activating its G protein in the absence of an agonist, and ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. The pathway can start from the plasma membrane, Golgi or nuclear membrane (PMID:24568158 and PMID:16902576).

The chemotaxis process that directs the migration of an axon growth cone to a specific target site in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues.

The process in which the migration of an axon growth cone of a motor neuron is directed to a specific target site in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues.

Any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location.

The attachment of one cell to another cell via adhesion molecules, where both cells are part of the same organism.

The attachment of one cell to another cell via adhesion molecules, where both cells are part of the same organism.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of angiogenesis.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the facial nucleus over time, from its formation to the mature structure.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the thyroid gland over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The thyroid gland is an endoderm-derived gland that produces thyroid hormone.

The progression of the ventral aorta over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. The ventral aorta is a blood vessel in a single-pass circulatory system that carries de-oxygenated blood from the heart to the gills. In a single-pass circulatory system blood passes once through the heart to supply the body once.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of axon extension.

The process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a neuron in an environment that is neutral with respect to the developmental pathway. Upon specification, the cell fate can be reversed.

The long distance growth of a single cell process, that is involved in the migration of an axon growth cone, where the migration is directed to a specific target site by a combination of attractive and repulsive cues.

The expansion of one cell sheet over other cells involved in deuterostomic gastrulation.

The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a receptor on the surface of the target cell where activated receptors signal via downstream effectors including C-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) to modulate cytoskeletal elements and control cell polarity.

The process in which the anatomical structures of a pharyngeal arch artery is generated and organized. The pharyngeal arch arteries are a series of six paired embryological vascular structures, the development of which give rise to several major arteries, such as the stapedial artery, the middle meningeal artery, the internal carotid artery and the pulmonary artery.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription.

The series of molecular signals generated by the binding of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA, 4-aminobutyrate), an amino acid which acts as a neurotransmitter in some organisms, to a cell surface receptor.

The chemotaxis process that directs the migration of an axon growth cone to a specific target site in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues.

The chemotaxis process that directs the migration of an axon growth cone to a specific target site in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues.

The chemotaxis process that directs the migration of an axon growth cone to a specific target site in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues.

The chemotaxis process that directs the migration of an axon growth cone to a specific target site in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the central nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The central nervous system is the core nervous system that serves an integrating and coordinating function. In vertebrates it consists of the brain and spinal cord. In those invertebrates with a central nervous system it typically consists of a brain, cerebral ganglia and a nerve cord.

The orderly movement of a glial cell, non-neuronal cells that provide support and nutrition, maintain homeostasis, form myelin, and participate in signal transmission in the nervous system.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell migration.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of locomotion of a cell or organism.

The process in which the anatomical structures of the inner ear are generated and organized. The inner ear is the structure in vertebrates that contains the organs of balance and hearing. It consists of soft hollow sensory structures (the membranous labyrinth) containing fluid (endolymph) surrounded by fluid (perilymph) and encased in a bony cavity (the bony labyrinth). It consists of two chambers, the sacculus and utriculus, from which arise the cochlea and semicircular canals respectively.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of axon extension.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the compound eye over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The compound eye is an organ of sight that contains multiple repeating units, often arranged hexagonally. Each unit has its own lens and photoreceptor cell(s) and can generate either a single pixelated image or multiple images, per eye.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the compound eye over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The compound eye is an organ of sight that contains multiple repeating units, often arranged hexagonally. Each unit has its own lens and photoreceptor cell(s) and can generate either a single pixelated image or multiple images, per eye.

The assembly of a cilium, a specialized eukaryotic organelle that consists of a filiform extrusion of the cell surface. Each cilium is bounded by an extrusion of the cytoplasmic membrane, and contains a regular longitudinal array of microtubules, anchored basally in a centriole.

The process in which the migration of a dendrite is directed to a specific target site in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of photoreceptor cell axon guidance.

A gastrulation process in which the initial invagination becomes the anus and the mouth forms second.

Coordinated organization of groups of cells in the plane of an epithelium, such that they all orient to similar coordinates.

Coordinated organization of groups of cells in the plane of an epithelium, such that they all orient to similar coordinates.

The last step in the formation of the neural tube, where the paired neural folds are brought together and fuse at the dorsal midline.

The last step in the formation of the neural tube, where the paired neural folds are brought together and fuse at the dorsal midline.

The last step in the formation of the neural tube, where the paired neural folds are brought together and fuse at the dorsal midline.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of addition of phosphate groups into an amino acid in a protein.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the hair follicle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A hair follicle is a tube-like opening in the epidermis where the hair shaft develops and into which the sebaceous glands open.

The directed, self-propelled movement of a cilium.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription.

The formation of a cell surface protrusion, such as a lamellipodium or filopodium, at the leading edge of a migrating cell.

The attachment of a plasma membrane adhesion molecule in one cell to an identical molecule in an adjacent cell.

The attachment of a plasma membrane adhesion molecule in one cell to an identical molecule in an adjacent cell.

The cellular process in which a signal is conveyed to trigger a change in the activity or state of a cell. Signal transduction begins with reception of a signal (e.g. a ligand binding to a receptor or receptor activation by a stimulus such as light), or for signal transduction in the absence of ligand, signal-withdrawal or the activity of a constitutively active receptor. Signal transduction ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. regulation of transcription or regulation of a metabolic process. Signal transduction covers signaling from receptors located on the surface of the cell and signaling via molecules located within the cell. For signaling between cells, signal transduction is restricted to events at and within the receiving cell.

A series of molecular signals that proceeds with an activated receptor promoting the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha-subunit of an associated heterotrimeric G-protein complex. The GTP-bound activated alpha-G-protein then dissociates from the beta- and gamma-subunits to further transmit the signal within the cell. The pathway begins with receptor-ligand interaction, or for basal GPCR signaling the pathway begins with the receptor activating its G protein in the absence of an agonist, and ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. The pathway can start from the plasma membrane, Golgi or nuclear membrane (PMID:24568158 and PMID:16902576).

A series of molecular signals within the cell that are mediated by a member of the Ras superfamily of proteins switching to a GTP-bound active state.

A series of molecular signals within the cell that are mediated by a member of the Rho family of proteins switching to a GTP-bound active state.

Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another. This process includes signal transduction in the receiving cell and, where applicable, release of a ligand and any processes that actively facilitate its transport and presentation to the receiving cell. Examples include signaling via soluble ligands, via cell adhesion molecules and via gap junctions.

The process of formation of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis.

De novo generation of a long process of a neuron, that carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body towards target cells. Refers to the morphogenesis or creation of shape or form of the developing axon.

De novo generation of a long process of a neuron, that carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body towards target cells. Refers to the morphogenesis or creation of shape or form of the developing axon.

The chemotaxis process that directs the migration of an axon growth cone to a specific target site in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues.

The collection of axons into a bundle of rods, known as a fascicle.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the central nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The central nervous system is the core nervous system that serves an integrating and coordinating function. In vertebrates it consists of the brain and spinal cord. In those invertebrates with a central nervous system it typically consists of a brain, cerebral ganglia and a nerve cord.

Determination of where the salivary gland forms, the total number of salivary gland cells and how many cells are allocated to each of the specialised cell types within the salivary gland.

A process in which non-proliferating myoblasts fuse to existing fibers or to myotubes to form new fibers. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers.

A process in which non-proliferating myoblasts fuse to existing fibers or to myotubes to form new fibers. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers.

The specific movement from place to place of an organism in response to external or internal stimuli. Locomotion of a whole organism in a manner dependent upon some combination of that organism's internal state and external conditions.

The process in which a neuronal cell in a multicellular organism interprets signals produced by potential target cells, with which it may form synapses.

The process in which the migration of an axon growth cone of a motor neuron is directed to a specific target site in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues.

The orderly movement of mesodermal cells from one site to another.

Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell proliferation.

The regionalization process in which specific areas of cell differentiation are determined along the anterior-posterior axis. The anterior-posterior axis is defined by a line that runs from the head or mouth of an organism to the tail or opposite end of the organism.

The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell and ending with a change in cell state.

The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell and ending with a change in cell state.

The process in which a neuronal cell in a multicellular organism recognizes chemoattractant signals from, and grows towards, potential targets.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the brain ventricular system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The brain ventricular system consists of four communicating cavities within the brain that are continuous with the central canal of the spinal cord. These cavities include two lateral ventricles, the third ventricle and the fourth ventricle. Cerebrospinal fluid fills the ventricles and is produced by the choroid plexus.

The process that regulates the coordinated growth and differentiation that establishes the non-random anterior-posterior spatial arrangement of the neural plate.

The process that regulates the coordinated growth and differentiation that establishes the non-random anterior-posterior spatial arrangement of the neural plate.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of attachment of a cell to another cell.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of attachment of a cell to another cell.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell migration.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell migration.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of axon outgrowth.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the mammary gland over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The mammary gland is a large compound sebaceous gland that in female mammals is modified to secrete milk. Its development starts with the formation of the mammary line and ends as the mature gland cycles between nursing and weaning stages.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron projection over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A neuron projection is any process extending from a neural cell, such as axons or dendrites (collectively called neurites).

A series of molecular signals within the cell that are mediated by the Cdc42 protein switching to a GTP-bound active state.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins.

The regulated release of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from the choroid plexus of the lateral, third and fourth ventricles. The cerebrospinal fluid is a clear liquid that located within the ventricles, spinal canal, and subarachnoid spaces.

The process in which the migration of an axon growth cone is directed to a specific target site along the dorsal-ventral body axis in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues. The dorsal/ventral axis is defined by a line that runs orthogonal to both the anterior/posterior and left/right axes. The dorsal end is defined by the upper or back side of an organism. The ventral end is defined by the lower or front side of an organism.

The process in which the migration of an axon growth cone is directed to a specific target site along the dorsal-ventral body axis in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues. The dorsal/ventral axis is defined by a line that runs orthogonal to both the anterior/posterior and left/right axes. The dorsal end is defined by the upper or back side of an organism. The ventral end is defined by the lower or front side of an organism.

The process in which the anatomical structures of the gonads are generated and organized. A gonad is an animal organ producing gametes, e.g. the testes or the ovary in mammals.

The process in which the anatomical structures of the gonads are generated and organized. A gonad is an animal organ producing gametes, e.g. the testes or the ovary in mammals.

The chemotaxis process that directs the migration of an axon growth cone of a dopaminergic neuron to a specific target site in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues.

The chemotaxis process that directs the migration of an axon growth cone of a serotonergic neuron to a specific target site in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues.

A series of molecular events initiated by the binding of a netrin protein to a receptor on the surface of the target cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. Netrins can act as chemoattractant signals for some cells and chemorepellent signals for others. Netrins also have roles outside of cell and axon guidance.

The directed movement of the nucleus to a specific location within a cell.

The series of events that restore integrity to a damaged tissue, following an injury.

Coordinated organization of groups of cells in the plane of an embryonic epithelium, such that they all orient to similar coordinates.

The process in which the anatomical structure of the adult male tail tip is generated and organized. In some species of rhabitid nematodes, the male tail tip undergoes a morphological change such that the most posterior hypodermal cells in the tail (hyp8-11 in C. elegans) fuse and retract anteriorly, changing the shape of the tail from a pointed, tapered cone, or spike, to a rounded, blunt dome.

Any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, apical regions of the cell.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a neurotransmitter from a cell.

Orientation of body hairs, projections from the surface of an organism, such that the hairs all point in a uniform direction along the surface.

The process in which the anatomical structures of a dendrite are generated and organized. A dendrite is a freely branching protoplasmic process of a nerve cell.

The process in which the anatomical structures of a dendrite are generated and organized. A dendrite is a freely branching protoplasmic process of a nerve cell.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of muscle cell differentiation.

The assembly of a cilium, a specialized eukaryotic organelle that consists of a filiform extrusion of the cell surface. Each cilium is bounded by an extrusion of the cytoplasmic membrane, and contains a regular longitudinal array of microtubules, anchored basally in a centriole.

The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a pharynx from an initial condition to its mature state. The pharynx is the part of the digestive system immediately posterior to the mouth.

The process in which a lung bud bifurcates perpendicular to the plane of the previous bud.

The process in which a lung bud bifurcates parallel to the plane of the previous bud.

The process in which a branch forms along the side of the lung epithelial tube.

The process in which anatomical structures of the mammary ducts are generated and organized. Mammary ducts are epithelial tubes that transport milk.

The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a receptor on the surface of the target cell where activated receptors signal via downstream effectors that modulates the establishment of planar polarity contributing to neural tube closure.

Any process in which a protein is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location in a cell that contributes to the establishment of planar polarity.

The process in which the migration of an axon growth cone of a sensory neuron is directed to a specific target site in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues. A sensory neuron is an afferent neuron conveying sensory impulses.

The process in which the migration of an axon growth cone of a sensory neuron is directed to a specific target site in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues. A sensory neuron is an afferent neuron conveying sensory impulses.

The process in which the migration of an axon growth cone of an interneuron is directed to a specific target site in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues. An interneuron is any neuron which is not motor or sensory. Interneurons may also refer to neurons whose axons remain within a particular brain region, as contrasted with projection neurons which have axons projecting to other brain regions.

The process in which the migration of an axon growth cone of an interneuron is directed to a specific target site in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues. An interneuron is any neuron which is not motor or sensory. Interneurons may also refer to neurons whose axons remain within a particular brain region, as contrasted with projection neurons which have axons projecting to other brain regions.

Any Wnt signaling pathway, planar cell polarity pathway that is involved in axon guidance.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of sensory neuron axon guidance.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of motor neuron axon guidance.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of dorsal/ventral axon guidance.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell motility.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in absence of ligand.

The space external to the outermost structure of a cell. For cells without external protective or external encapsulating structures this refers to space outside of the plasma membrane. This term covers the host cell environment outside an intracellular parasite.

The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins.

A thin layer of dense material found in various animal tissues interposed between the cells and the adjacent connective tissue. It consists of the basal lamina plus an associated layer of reticulin fibers.

All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures.

A layer consisting mainly of proteins (especially collagen) and glycosaminoglycans (mostly as proteoglycans) that forms a sheet underlying or overlying cells such as endothelial and epithelial cells. The proteins are secreted by cells in the vicinity. An example of this component is found in Mus musculus.

The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins.

The component of the plasma membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane.

The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane.

The migrating motile tip of a growing nerve cell axon.

The migrating motile tip of a growing nerve cell axon.

The space external to the outermost structure of a cell. For cells without external protective or external encapsulating structures this refers to space outside of the plasma membrane. This term covers the host cell environment outside an intracellular parasite.

A layer consisting mainly of proteins (especially collagen) and glycosaminoglycans (mostly as proteoglycans) that forms a sheet underlying or overlying cells such as endothelial and epithelial cells. The proteins are secreted by cells in the vicinity. An example of this component is found in Mus musculus.

That part of the nuclear content other than the chromosomes or the nucleolus.

That part of the nuclear content other than the chromosomes or the nucleolus.

All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures.

A compound membranous cytoplasmic organelle of eukaryotic cells, consisting of flattened, ribosome-free vesicles arranged in a more or less regular stack. The Golgi apparatus differs from the endoplasmic reticulum in often having slightly thicker membranes, appearing in sections as a characteristic shallow semicircle so that the convex side (cis or entry face) abuts the endoplasmic reticulum, secretory vesicles emerging from the concave side (trans or exit face). In vertebrate cells there is usually one such organelle, while in invertebrates and plants, where they are known usually as dictyosomes, there may be several scattered in the cytoplasm. The Golgi apparatus processes proteins produced on the ribosomes of the rough endoplasmic reticulum; such processing includes modification of the core oligosaccharides of glycoproteins, and the sorting and packaging of proteins for transport to a variety of cellular locations. Three different regions of the Golgi are now recognized both in terms of structure and function: cis, in the vicinity of the cis face, trans, in the vicinity of the trans face, and medial, lying between the cis and trans regions.

The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes.

The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins.

A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it.

The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane.

The long process of a neuron that conducts nerve impulses, usually away from the cell body to the terminals and varicosities, which are sites of storage and release of neurotransmitter.

The part of a cell encompassing the cell cortex, the plasma membrane, and any external encapsulating structures.

The part of a cell encompassing the cell cortex, the plasma membrane, and any external encapsulating structures.