The transport of protons against an electrochemical gradient, using energy from ATP hydrolysis.

The deposition of hydroxyapatite, a form of calcium phosphate with the formula Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2, in bone tissue.

The accumulation of pigment in an organism, tissue or cell, either by increased deposition or by increased number of cells.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the retina over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The retina is the innermost layer or coating at the back of the eyeball, which is sensitive to light and in which the optic nerve terminates.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of bone over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Bone is the hard skeletal connective tissue consisting of both mineral and cellular components.

A vesicle-mediated transport process in which cells take up external materials or membrane constituents by the invagination of a small region of the plasma membrane to form a new membrane-bounded vesicle.

A vesicle-mediated transport process in which cells take up external materials or membrane constituents by the invagination of a small region of the plasma membrane to form a new membrane-bounded vesicle.

Any process that reduces the pH of the vacuole, measured by the concentration of the hydrogen ion.

Any process that reduces the pH of the vacuole, measured by the concentration of the hydrogen ion.

Any process that reduces the pH of the vacuole, measured by the concentration of the hydrogen ion.

The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of the insulin receptor binding to insulin.

The control of viability and duration in the adult phase of the life-cycle.

The transport of protons against an electrochemical gradient, using energy from ATP hydrolysis.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of macroautophagy.

The directed movement of dsRNA, double-stranded ribonucleic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

The directed movement of transferrin into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

A process in which an ion is transported from one side of a membrane to the other by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.

Establishment of a pattern of pigment in the eye of an organism.

Any viral process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of the antiviral response of the host cell or organism.

Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of neural retina development, the progression of the neural retina over time from its initial formation to the mature structure. The neural retina is the part of the retina that contains neurons and photoreceptor cells.

Any process that reduces the pH of the phagosome, measured by the concentration of the hydrogen ion.

The V1 domain of a proton-transporting V-type ATPase found in the vacuolar membrane.

The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins.

The V1 domain of a proton-transporting V-type ATPase found in the vacuolar membrane.

The V1 domain of a proton-transporting V-type ATPase found in the vacuolar membrane.

A closed structure that is completely surrounded by a unit membrane, contains liquid, and retains the same shape regardless of cell cycle phase. An example of this structure is found in Arabidopsis thaliana.

The lipid bilayer surrounding the lysosome and separating its contents from the cell cytoplasm.

The lipid bilayer surrounding the lysosome and separating its contents from the cell cytoplasm.

A closed structure, found only in eukaryotic cells, that is completely surrounded by unit membrane and contains liquid material. Cells contain one or several vacuoles, that may have different functions from each other. Vacuoles have a diverse array of functions. They can act as a storage organelle for nutrients or waste products, as a degradative compartment, as a cost-effective way of increasing cell size, and as a homeostatic regulator controlling both turgor pressure and pH of the cytosol.

The lipid bilayer surrounding the vacuole and separating its contents from the cytoplasm of the cell.

A compound membranous cytoplasmic organelle of eukaryotic cells, consisting of flattened, ribosome-free vesicles arranged in a more or less regular stack. The Golgi apparatus differs from the endoplasmic reticulum in often having slightly thicker membranes, appearing in sections as a characteristic shallow semicircle so that the convex side (cis or entry face) abuts the endoplasmic reticulum, secretory vesicles emerging from the concave side (trans or exit face). In vertebrate cells there is usually one such organelle, while in invertebrates and plants, where they are known usually as dictyosomes, there may be several scattered in the cytoplasm. The Golgi apparatus processes proteins produced on the ribosomes of the rough endoplasmic reticulum; such processing includes modification of the core oligosaccharides of glycoproteins, and the sorting and packaging of proteins for transport to a variety of cellular locations. Three different regions of the Golgi are now recognized both in terms of structure and function: cis, in the vicinity of the cis face, trans, in the vicinity of the trans face, and medial, lying between the cis and trans regions.

The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes.

The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins.

A chlorophyll-containing plastid with thylakoids organized into grana and frets, or stroma thylakoids, and embedded in a stroma.

A proton-transporting two-sector ATPase complex found in the plasma membrane.

A membrane-bounded intracellular vesicle that arises from the ingestion of particulate material by phagocytosis.

A vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. Extracellular exosomes, also simply called exosomes, have a diameter of about 40-100 nm.

A vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. Extracellular exosomes, also simply called exosomes, have a diameter of about 40-100 nm.