View in Gene3D

CATH Superfamily 1.10.600.10

Farnesyl Diphosphate Synthase

The name of this superfamily has been modified since the most recent official CATH+ release (v4_2_0). At the point of the last release, this superfamily was named:

"
Farnesyl Diphosphate Synthase
".

Functional Families

Overview of the Structural Clusters (SC) and Functional Families within this CATH Superfamily. Clusters with a representative structure are represented by a filled circle.
« Back to all FunFams

FunFam 9651: Carene synthase 1, chloroplastic

There are 112 EC terms in this cluster

Please note: EC annotations are assigned to the full protein sequence rather than individual protein domains. Since a given protein can contain multiple domains, it is possible that some of the annotations below come from additional domains that occur in the same protein, but have been classified elsewhere in CATH.

Note: The search results have been sorted with the annotations that are found most frequently at the top of the list. The results can be filtered by typing text into the search box at the top of the table.

EC Term Annotations Evidence
Ent-kaurene synthase. [EC: 4.2.3.19]
Ent-copalyl diphosphate = ent-kaurene + diphosphate.
  • Part of a bifunctional enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of ent- kaurene.
  • See also EC 5.5.1.13.
 19 A0A0B2QJ52 A0A0B2SQ17 A0A0R7FFR3 A0A178WDK0 B9S5Y1 B9SIL7 B9SIM2 B9SIM3 B9T625 B9T888
(9 more...)
Beta-farnesene synthase. [EC: 4.2.3.47]
(2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate = (E)-beta-farnesene + diphosphate.
    		 15 A0A0N6W373 A0A0N6YZV7 A0A0N6Z0K4 A0A0N6Z355 C7E5V7 C7E5V8 C7E5V9 C7E5W0 F2X679 K7U0F0
    (5 more...)
    Isoprene synthase. [EC: 4.2.3.27]
    Dimethylallyl diphosphate = isoprene + diphosphate.
    • Located in the chloroplast of isoprene-emitting plants, such as poplar and aspen, and may be activitated by light-dependent changes in chloroplast pH and Mg(2+) concentration.
    		 15 A0A0B2PE61 A0A0B2PM14 A0A0B2QFW5 A0A0B2QT69 A0A0B2QWX8 A0A0B2R0J5 A0A0B2R155 A0A0B2RQ06 A0A0B2S7K0 A0PFK2
    (5 more...)
    Copalyl diphosphate synthase. [EC: 5.5.1.12]
    Geranylgeranyl diphosphate = (+)-copalyl diphosphate.
    • In some plants, such as Salvia miltiorrhiza, this enzyme is monofunctional.
    • In other plants this activity is often a part of a bifunctional enzyme.
    • For example, in Selaginella moellendorffii this activity is catalyzed by a bifunctional enzyme that also catalyzes EC 4.2.3.131, while in the tree Abies grandis (grand fir) it is catalyzed by a bifunctional enzyme that also catalyzes EC 4.2.3.18.
    		 13 G9MAN7 H8ZM70 H8ZM71 J9QS23 J9R388 M4HXU6 M4HY05 M4HYC6 Q38710 Q50EK2
    (3 more...)
    S-linalool synthase. [EC: 4.2.3.25]
    Geranyl diphosphate + H(2)O = (3S)-linalool + diphosphate.
    • Neither (S)- nor (R)-linalyl diphosphate can act as substrate for the enzyme from Clarkia breweri.
    • Unlike many other monoterpene synthases, only a single product, (3S)- linalool, is formed.
    		 12 A0A068B0N9 A0A068B6B6 H6WBC5 Q6ZH94 Q84UV0 Q96376 R4I6S7 R4I6X2 R4I752 R4I7J2
    (2 more...)
    Germacrene-A synthase. [EC: 4.2.3.23]
    (2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate = (+)-(R)-germacrene A + diphosphate.
    • While germacrene A is an enzyme-bound intermediate in the biosynthesis of a number of phytoalexins, e.g. EC 4.2.3.9 from some species and EC 4.2.3.21, it is the sole sesquiterpenoid product formed in chicory.
    		 12 A0A0D4D912 A0A0U1XNG2 A0A0U1XRI2 A0A1D8GR36 B0FGA9 B6SCF6 I1TE91 I6QSN0 Q49SP5 Q4U3F7
    (2 more...)
    Casbene synthase. [EC: 4.2.3.8]
    Geranylgeranyl diphosphate = casbene + diphosphate.
    • The enzyme from castor bean (Ricinus communis) produces the antifungal diterpene casbene.
    • Formerly EC 4.6.1.7.
    		 11 A0A0B2PNQ2 A0A0B2PPQ3 A0A0B2R1U5 A0A0B2RX48 A0A0B2SLJ0 A0A165U5Z3 B9RHW5 B9RHX4 B9RY01 B9SJ11
    (1 more...)
    (R)-limonene synthase. [EC: 4.2.3.20]
    Geranyl diphosphate = (+)-(4R)-limonene + diphosphate.
    • Forms the first step of carvone biosynthesis in caraway.
    		 10 A7BG59 B9RH09 B9RPM0 B9RPN5 B9S893 B9S898 B9SXQ2 B9T537 Q2XSC6 Q8L5K3
    Gamma-terpinene synthase. [EC: 4.2.3.114]
    Geranyl diphosphate = gamma-terpinene + diphosphate.
    • Isolated from Thymus vulgaris (thyme), Citrus limon (lemon), Citrus unshiu (satsuma) and Origanum vulgare (oregano).
    • The reaction involves a 1,2-hydride shift.
    • The 5-pro-S hydrogen of geranyl diphosphate is lost.
    • Traces of several other monoterpenoids are formed in addition to gamma-terpinene.
    		 9 E2E2P0 Q8L5K4 S5YT86 S5YZ41 S5Z6T0 S5Z6T7 S5ZIA8 S5ZYI9 V5JZJ2
    (+)-delta-cadinene synthase. [EC: 4.2.3.13]
    (2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate = (+)-delta-cadinene + diphosphate.
    • The sesquiterpenoid (+)-delta-cadinene is an intermediate in phytoalexin biosynthesis.
    • Formerly EC 4.6.1.11.
    		 9 B2KSJ5 B9S9Z3 B9SQA3 K4L9M2 O49853 P93665 Q39760 Q39761 Q43714
    Myrcene synthase. [EC: 4.2.3.15]
    Geranyl diphosphate = myrcene + diphosphate.
    • Mg(2+) is essentially ineffective as the divalent metal ion cofactor.
    • Formerly EC 4.1.99.9.
    		 7 B6SCF4 G1JUH1 O24474 Q5SBP1 Q84NC9 Q84ND0 Q93X23
    Levopimaradiene synthase. [EC: 4.2.3.32]
    (+)-copalyl diphosphate = abieta-8(14),12-diene + diphosphate.
    • In Ginkgo, the enzyme catalyzes the initial cyclization step in the biosynthesis of ginkgolides, a structurally unique family of diterpenoids that are highly specific platelet-activating-factor receptor antagonists.
    • Levopimaradiene is widely distributed in higher plants.
    • In some species the enzyme also forms abietadiene, palustradiene, and neoabietadiene.
    		 7 H8ZM70 M4HXU6 M4HY05 M4HYC6 Q50EK2 Q675L4 Q947C4
    5-epiaristolochene synthase. [EC: 4.2.3.61]
    (2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate = (+)-5-epiaristolochene + diphosphate.
    • Initial cyclization gives (+)-germacrene A in an enzyme bound form which is not released to the medium.
    		 6 O65323 Q40577 Q84LF0 Q84LF1 Q84LF2 Q84LG0
    (-)-germacrene D synthase. [EC: 4.2.3.75]
    (2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate = (-)-germacrene D + diphosphate.
    • In Solidago canadensis the biosynthesis results in the pro-R hydrogen at C-1 of the farnesy diphosphate ending up at C-11 of the (-)- germacrene D.
    • With Streptomyces coelicolor the pro-S hydrogen at C-1 ends up at C-11 of the (-)-germacrene D.
    • Formerly EC 4.2.3.n13.
    		 6 I6QPS5 J9RLZ7 Q49SP4 Q49SP6 Q5SBP6 Q6Q3H3
    Exo-alpha-bergamotene synthase. [EC: 4.2.3.81]
    (2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate = (-)-exo-alpha-bergamotene + diphosphate.
    • The enzyme synthesizes a mixture of sesquiterpenoids from (2E,6E)- farnesyl diphosphate.
    • As well as (-)-exo-alpha-bergamotene (74%) there were (E)-nerolidol (10%), (Z)-alpha-bisabolene (6%), (E)-beta-farnesene (5%) and beta- sesquiphellandrene (1%).
    		 6 E3W202 E3W203 E3W204 J7LQ09 K7WTQ7 Q2XSC4
    Alpha-farnesene synthase. [EC: 4.2.3.46]
    (2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate = (3E,6E)-alpha-farnesene + diphosphate.
      		 6 A0A068B2J7 B2KSJ6 B9RXW0 I6XZ73 Q84KL5 Q84LB2
      (4S)-limonene synthase. [EC: 4.2.3.16]
      Geranyl diphosphate = (-)-(4S)-limonene + diphosphate.
      • Mg(2+) is essentially ineffective as the divalent metal ion cofactor.
      • Formerly EC 4.1.99.10.
      		 6 A0A0D3ML99 A7IZZ1 G1JUH1 G3LHT9 O22340 Q9M7C9
      Tricyclene synthase. [EC: 4.2.3.105]
      Geranyl diphosphate = tricyclene + diphosphate.
      • The enzyme from Solanum lycopersicum (tomato) gives a mixture of tricyclene, camphene, beta-myrcene, limonene, and traces of several other monoterpenoids.
      • See EC 4.2.3.117, EC 4.2.3.15 and EC 4.2.3.16.
      		 6 G1JUH1 Q5UB07 Q672F7 Q84NC8 Q84NC9 Q84ND0
      Neoabietadiene synthase. [EC: 4.2.3.132]
      (+)-copalyl diphosphate = neoabietadiene + diphosphate.
      • Isolated from Abies grandis (grand fir).
      • This class I enzyme forms about equal proportions of abietadiene, levopimaradiene and neoabietadiene; see also EC 4.2.3.18 and EC 4.2.3.32.
      • An X-ray study of this multifunctional enzyme showed that the class I activity is in the alpha domain, while EC 5.5.1.12 activity (a class II activity) is in the beta and gamma domains.
      • In Pinus taeda (loblolly pine) the major product is levopimaradiene, with less abietadiene and neoabietadiene.
      		 6 H8ZM70 M4HXU6 M4HY05 M4HYC6 Q38710 Q50EK2
      R-linalool synthase. [EC: 4.2.3.26]
      Geranyl diphosphate + H(2)O = (3R)-linalool + diphosphate.
      • Geranyl diphosphate cannot be replaced by isopentenyl diphosphate, dimethylallyl diphosphate, farnesyl diphosphate or geranylgeranyl diphosphate as substrate.
      • Unlike many other monoterpene synthases, only a single product, (3R)- linalool, is formed.
      		 6 A0A023UAW9 Q2XSC5 Q5SBP3 Q8H2B4 Q9SPN0 Q9SPN1
      (+)-car-3-ene synthase. [EC: 4.2.3.107]
      Geranyl diphosphate = (+)-car-3-ene + diphosphate.
      • The enzyme reacts with (3S)-linalyl diphosphate twice as rapidly as geranyl diphosphate, but 25 times as rapidly as (3R)-linalyl diphosphate.
      • It is assumed that (3S)-linalyl diphosphate is normally formed as an enzyme bound intermediate in the reaction.
      • In the reaction the 5-pro-R hydrogen of geranyl diphosphate is eliminated during cyclopropane ring formation.
      • In Picea abies (Norway spruce) and Picea sitchensis (Sitka spruce) terpinolene is also formed.
      • See EC 4.2.3.113.
      • (+)-car-3-ene is associated with resistance of Picea sitchensis (Sitka spruce) to white pine weevil.
      		 5 C7ASI9 F1CKI6 F1CKI8 F1CKI9 Q84SM8
      (E)-beta-ocimene synthase. [EC: 4.2.3.106]
      Geranyl diphosphate = (E)-beta-ocimene + diphosphate.
      • Widely distributed in plants, which release beta-ocimene when attacked by herbivorous insects.
      		 5 A0A068B0P2 I6RE61 Q5UB07 Q672F7 Q84NC8
      (-)-alpha-pinene synthase. [EC: 4.2.3.119]
      Geranyl-diphosphate = (-)-alpha-pinene + diphosphate.
      • Cyclase II of Salvia officinalis (sage) gives about equal parts (-)- alpha-pinene, (-)-beta-pinene and (-)-camphene, plus traces of other monoterpenoids.
      • (3S)-Linalyl diphosphate can also be used by the enzyme in preference to (3R)-linalyl diphosphate.
      • The 4-pro-S-hydrogen of geranyl diphosphate is lost.
      • The enzyme from Abies grandis (grand fir) gives roughly equal parts (-)-alpha-pinene and (-)-beta-pinene.
      • However the clone ag11 gave 35% (-)-limonene, 24% (-)-alpha-pinene and 20% (-)-beta-phellandrene.
      • Synthase I from Pinus taeda (loblolly pine) produces (-)-alpha-pinene with traces of (-)-beta-pinene.
      • The enzyme from Picea sitchensis (Sika spruce) forms 70% (-)-alpha- pinene and 30% (-)-beta-pinene.
      • The recombinant PmeTPS1 enzyme from Pseudotsuga menziesii (Douglas fir) gave roughly equal proportions of (-)-alpha-pinene and (-)- camphene plus traces of other monoterpenoids.
      • See also EC 4.2.3.120, EC 4.2.3.117, EC 4.2.3.16, and EC 4.2.3.52.
      • Formerly EC 4.1.99.8, EC 4.2.3.14, and EC 4.2.3.n7.
      		 5 O23945 O24475 Q6XDB5 Q84KL6 Q9M7C9
      Abieta-7,13-diene synthase. [EC: 4.2.3.18]
      (+)-copalyl diphosphate = abieta-7,13-diene + diphosphate.
      • Part of a bifunctional enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of abietadiene.
      • See also EC 5.5.1.12.
      		 5 H8ZM70 M4HXU6 M4HY05 M4HYC6 Q38710
      Isopimara-7,15-diene synthase. [EC: 4.2.3.44]
      (+)-copalyl diphosphate = isopimara-7,15-diene + diphosphate.
      • The enzyme only gave isopimara-7,15-diene.
      • Formerly EC 4.2.3.n9.
      		 4 H8ZM71 M4HXW5 M4HYP3 Q675L5
      Amorpha-4,11-diene synthase. [EC: 4.2.3.24]
      (2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate = amorpha-4,11-diene + diphosphate.
      • A key enzyme in the biosynthesis of the antimalarial endoperoxide artemisinin.
      • Catalyzes the formation of both olefinic and oxygenated sesquiterpenes, with amorpha-4,11-diene being the major product.
      • When geranyl diphosphate is used as a substrate, no monoterpenes are produced.
      		 4 A0A1L7NYF5 M4GGS0 M4GGS1 Q9AR04
      (3S,6E)-nerolidol synthase. [EC: 4.2.3.48]
      (2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate + H(2)O = (3S,6E)-nerolidol + diphosphate.
      • The enzyme catalyzes a step in the formation of 4,8-dimethyl- 1,3(E),7-nonatriene, a key signal molecule in induced plant defense mediated by the attraction of enemies of herbivores (2).
      • Nerolidol is a naturally occurring sesquiterpene found in the essential oils of many types of plants.
      		 4 A0A1J0CL47 P0CV94 P0CV95 P0CV96
      (-)-alpha-terpineol synthase. [EC: 4.2.3.111]
      Geranyl diphosphate + H(2)O = (-)-alpha-terpineol + diphosphate.
      • The enzyme has been characterized from Vitis vinifera (grape).
      • Also forms some 1,8-cineole and traces of other monoterpenoids.
      		 4 B3TPQ7 Q6PWU2 Q84KL4 V5JYL0
      Beta-santalene synthase. [EC: 4.2.3.83]
      (2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate = (-)-beta-santalene + diphosphate.
      • The enzyme synthesizes a mixture of sesquiterpenoids from (2E,6E)- farnesyl diphosphate.
      • As well as (-)-beta-santalene (+)-alpha-santalene and (-)-exo-alpha- bergamotene are formed with traces of (+)-epi-beta-santalene.
      • See EC 4.2.3.82 and EC 4.2.3.81.
      		 4 E3W202 E3W203 E3W204 K7WTQ7
      Alpha-guaiene synthase. [EC: 4.2.3.87]
      (2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate = alpha-guaiene + diphosphate.
      • The enzyme from Pogostemon cablin gives 13% alpha-guaiene as well as 37% (-)-patchoulol (see EC 4.2.3.70), 13% delta-guaiene (see EC 4.2.3.93), and traces of at least ten other sesquiterpenoids.
      • In Aquilaria crassna three clones of the enzyme gave about 80% delta- guaiene and 20% alpha-guaiene, with traces of alpha-humulene.
      • A fourth clone gave 54% delta-guaiene and 45% alpha-guaiene.
      		 4 D0VMR6 D0VMR7 D0VMR8 Q49SP3
      Alpha-santalene synthase. [EC: 4.2.3.82]
      (2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate = (+)-alpha-santalene + diphosphate.
      • The enzyme synthesizes a mixture of sesquiterpenoids from (2E,6E)- farnesyl diphosphate.
      • As well as (+)-alpha-santalene, (-)-beta-santalene and (-)-exo-alpha- bergamotene are formed with traces of (+)-epi-beta-santalene.
      • See EC 4.2.3.83 and EC 4.2.3.81.
      • Cf. EC 4.2.3.50.
      		 4 E3W202 E3W203 E3W204 K7WTQ7
      Delta-guaiene synthase. [EC: 4.2.3.93]
      (2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate = delta-guaiene + diphosphate.
      • In Aquilaria crassna three clones of the enzyme gave about 80% delta- guaiene and 20% alpha-guaiene (see also EC 4.2.3.87).
      • A fourth clone gave 54% delta-guaiene and 45% alpha-guaiene.
      • The enzyme from Pogostemon cablin gives 13% delta-guaiene as well as 37% (-)-patchoulol (see EC 4.2.3.70), 13% alpha-guaiene (see EC 4.2.3.87), and traces of at least ten other sesquiterpenoids.
      		 4 D0VMR6 D0VMR7 D0VMR8 Q49SP3
      Vetispiradiene synthase. [EC: 4.2.3.21]
      (2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate = vetispiradiene + diphosphate.
      • The initial internal cyclization produces the monocyclic intermediate germacrene A.
      		 4 Q39978 Q39979 Q39980 Q9XJ32
      Taxadiene synthase. [EC: 4.2.3.17]
      Geranylgeranyl diphosphate = taxa-4,11-diene + diphosphate.
      • This is the committed step in the biosynthesis of the diterpenoid antineoplastic drug Taxol (paclitaxel).
      • The cyclization involves a 1,5-hydride shift.
      		 4 Q41594 Q93YA3 Q9FT37 W5UFR6
      Germacrene C synthase. [EC: 4.2.3.60]
      (2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate = germacrene C + diphosphate.
        		 3 G1JUH6 J9RLZ7 O64961
        Sabinene-hydrate synthase. [EC: 4.2.3.11]
        Geranyl diphosphate + H(2)O = sabinene hydrate + diphosphate.
        • Both cis- and trans- isomers of sabinene hydrate are formed.
        • (3R)-linalyl diphosphate is an intermediate in the reaction.
        • Formerly EC 4.6.1.9.
        		 3 A0A151QW72 L0HAM7 L0HB77
        Syn-pimara-7,15-diene synthase. [EC: 4.2.3.35]
        9-alpha-copalyl diphosphate = 9-beta-pimara-7,15-diene + diphosphate.
        • A class I terpene synthase.
        • 9-beta-pimara-7,15-diene is a precursor of momilactones A and B, rice diterpenoid phytoalexins that are produced in response to attack (by a pathogen, elicitor or UV irradiation) and are involved in the defense mechanism of the plant.
        • Momilactone B can also act as an allochemical, being constitutively produced in the root of the plant and secreted to the rhizosphere where it suppresses the growth of neighboring plants and soil microorganisms.
        		 3 A0A0E0HNW1 Q0JEZ8 Q66QH3
        (S)-beta-macrocarpene synthase. [EC: 5.5.1.17]
        (S)-beta-bisabolene = (S)-beta-macrocarpene.
          		 3 K7TPP7 Q1EG72 Q5GJ60
          Alpha-humulene synthase. [EC: 4.2.3.104]
          (2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate = alpha-humulene + diphosphate.
          • The enzyme from Zingiber zerumbet, shampoo ginger, also gives traces of beta-caryophyllene.
          		 3 B1B1U3 B6SCF5 Q4U3F6
          Farnesyl diphosphatase. [EC: 3.1.7.6]
          (2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate + H(2)O = (2E,6E)-farnesol + diphosphate.
          • The enzyme is involved in the biosynthesis of acyclic sesquiterpenoids.
          		 3 A0A0C5KH39 A0A0C5KR55 Q84ZW8
          (+)-alpha-pinene synthase. [EC: 4.2.3.121]
          Geranyl diphosphate = (+)-alpha-pinene + diphosphate.
          • Cyclase I of Salvia officinalis (sage) gives about equal parts (+)- alpha-pinene and (+)-camphene, whereas cyclase III gives about equal parts of (+)-alpha-pinene and (+)-beta-pinene.
          • (3R)-linalyl diphosphate can also be used by the enzyme in preference to (3S)-linalyl diphosphate.
          • The 4-pro-R-hydrogen of geranyl diphosphate is lost.
          • With synthase II of Pinus taeda (loblolly pine) (+)-beta-pinene was the only product.
          • See also EC 4.2.3.122 and EC 4.2.3.116.
          		 3 A7IZZ2 O81192 Q84KL3
          Alpha-copaene synthase. [EC: 4.2.3.133]
          (2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate = alpha-copaene + diphosphate.
          • Isolated from Helianthus annuus (sunflower).
          • The enzyme also produces beta-caryophyllene, delta-cadinene and traces of other sesquiterpenoids.
          • See EC 4.2.3.13 and EC 4.2.3.57.
          		 3 B9S9Z3 J7LP58 Q4U3F6
          (-)-beta-pinene synthase. [EC: 4.2.3.120]
          Geranyl diphosphate = (-)-beta-pinene + diphosphate.
          • Cyclase II of Salvia officinalis (sage) produces about equal parts (-)-alpha-pinene, (-)-beta-pinene and (-)-camphene, plus traces of other monoterpenoids.
          • The enzyme can also use (3S)-Linalyl diphosphate (preferred to (3R)- linalyl diphosphate).
          • The enzyme from Abies grandis (grand fir) produces roughly equal parts of (-)-alpha-pinene and (-)-beta-pinene.
          • Cyclase IV from Pinus contorta (lodgepole pine) produces 63% (-)- beta-pinene, 26% 3-carene, and traces of alpha-pinene.
          • Synthase III from Pinus taeda (loblolly pine) forms (-)-beta-pinene with traces of alpha-pinene.
          • A cloned enzyme from Artemisia annua (sweet wormwood) gave (-)-beta- pinene with traces of (-)-alpha-pinene.
          • The enzyme from Picea sitchensis (Sika spruce) forms 30% (-)-beta- pinene and 70% (-)-alpha-pinene.
          • See also EC 4.2.3.119, EC 4.2.3.117 and EC 4.2.3.107.
          • Formerly EC 4.1.99.8 and EC 4.2.3.14.
          		 3 O24475 Q6XDB5 Q94G53
          Geranyl diphosphate diphosphatase. [EC: 3.1.7.11]
          Geranyl diphosphate + H(2)O = geraniol + diphosphate.
          • Isolated from Ocimum basilicum (basil) and Cinnamomum tenuipile (camphor tree).
          • Geraniol is labelled when formed in the presence of ((18)O)H2O.
          • Thus mechanism involves a geranyl cation.
          • Neryl diphosphate is hydrolyzed more slowly.
          • May be the same as EC 3.1.7.3.
          		 3 A0A109P1X1 Q6USK1 Q8GUE4
          Pimaradiene synthase. [EC: 4.2.3.147]
          (+)-copalyl diphosphate = pimara-8(14),15-diene + diphosphate.
          • Isolated from the plants Pinus banksiana (jack pine) and Pinus contorta (lodgepole pine).
          		 2 M4HY08 M4HYC8
          Zingiberene synthase. [EC: 4.2.3.65]
          (2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate = zingiberene + diphosphate.
          • Formerly EC 4.2.3.n12.
          		 2 C5YHH7 Q5SBP4
          Terpinolene synthase. [EC: 4.2.3.113]
          Geranyl-diphosphate = terpinolene + diphosphate.
          • Mn(2+) is less effective as cofactor than Mg(2+) and product ratio changes.
          • Forms traces of other monoterpenoids.
          • Formerly EC 4.2.3.n6.
          		 2 Q5SBP0 Q9M7D0
          (-)-beta-caryophyllene synthase. [EC: 4.2.3.57]
          (2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate = (-)-beta-caryophyllene + diphosphate.
          • Widely distributed in higher plants, cf. EC 4.2.3.89.
          		 2 I6RAQ6 Q8SA63
          (+)-alpha-terpineol synthase. [EC: 4.2.3.112]
          Geranyl diphosphate + H(2)O = (+)-alpha-terpineol + diphosphate.
          • The enzyme has been characterized from Santalum album (sandalwood).
          • Also forms some (-)-limonene and traces of other monoterpenoids.
          • See EC 4.2.3.16.
          		 2 B3TPQ7 B5A434
          Bicyclogermacrene synthase. [EC: 4.2.3.100]
          (2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate = bicyclogermacrene + diphosphate.
          • The enzyme from oregano (Origanum vulgare) gives mainly bicyclogermacrene with Mn(2+) as a cofactor.
          • With Mg(2+) a more complex mixture is produced.
          		 2 E2E2N7 J7LMP2
          (3R,6E)-nerolidol synthase. [EC: 4.2.3.49]
          (2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate + H(2)O = (3R,6E)-nerolidol + diphosphate.
          • The enzyme catalyzes a step in the formation of (3E)-4,8-dimethyl- 1,3,7-nonatriene, a key signal molecule in induced plant defense mediated by the attraction of enemies of herbivores (1).
          • Nerolidol is a naturally occurring sesquiterpene found in the essential oils of many types of plants.
          		 2 A0A0C5L205 Q84ZW8
          Ent-isokaurene synthase. [EC: 4.2.3.103]
          Ent-copalyl diphosphate = ent-isokaurene + diphosphate.
          • Two enzymes of the rice sub-species Oryza sativa subsp. indica, OsKSL5 and OsKSL6, produce ent-isokaurene.
          • A variant of OsKSL5 from the sub-species Oryza sativa subsp. japonica produces ent-pimara-8(14),15-diene instead (cf. EC 4.2.3.30).
          • Formerly EC 4.2.3.n8.
          		 2 A4KAG7 A4KAG8
          (Z)-gamma-bisabolene synthase. [EC: 4.2.3.40]
          (2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate = (Z)-gamma-bisabolene + diphosphate.
          • This sesquiterpenoid enzyme is constitutively expressed in the root, hydathodes and stigma of the plant Arabidopsis thaliana.
          • If the leaves of the plant are wounded, e.g. by cutting, the enzyme is also induced close to the wound site.
          • The sesquiterpenoids (E)-nerolidol and alpha-bisabolol are also produced by this enzyme as minor products.
          		 2 Q9T0J9 Q9T0K1
          Ent-cassa-12,15-diene synthase. [EC: 4.2.3.28]
          Ent-copalyl diphosphate = ent-cassa-12,15-diene + diphosphate.
          • This class I diterpene cyclase produces ent-cassa-12,15-diene, a precursor of the rice phytoalexins (-)-phytocassanes A-E. Phytoalexins are diterpenoid secondary metabolites that are involved in the defense mechanism of the plant, and are produced in response to pathogen attack through the perception of elicitor signal molecules such as chitin oligosaccharide, or after exposure to UV irradiation.
          		 2 Q00G37 Q0E088
          (-)-camphene synthase. [EC: 4.2.3.117]
          Geranyl-diphosphate = (-)-camphene + diphosphate.
          • (-)-Camphene is the major product in Abies grandis (grand fir) with traces of other monoterpenoids.
          • In Pseudotsuga menziesii (Douglas-fir) there are about equal parts of (-)-camphene and (-)-alpha-pinene with traces of four other monoterpenoids.
          • In Solanum lycopersicum (tomato) tricyclene, beta-myrcene, limonene, and traces of several other monoterpenoids are also formed.
          • See also EC 4.2.3.15, EC 4.2.3.16, EC 4.2.3.119 and EC 4.2.3.105.
          • Formerly EC 4.2.3.n4.
          		 2 G1JUH1 Q948Z0
          Gamma-curcumene synthase. [EC: 4.2.3.94]
          (2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate = gamma-curcumene + diphosphate.
          • One of five sesquiterpenoid synthases in Pogostemon cablin (patchouli).
          		 2 Q2QQJ5 Q49SP7
          (+)-sabinene synthase. [EC: 4.2.3.110]
          Geranyl diphosphate = (+)-sabinene + diphosphate.
          • Isolated from Salvia officinalis (sage).
          • The recombinant enzyme gave 63% (+)-sabinene, 21% gamma-terpinene, and traces of other monoterpenoids.
          • See EC 4.2.3.114.
          		 2 F1CKJ1 O81193
          Viridiflorene synthase. [EC: 4.2.3.88]
          (2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate = viridiflorene + diphosphate.
          • Viridiflorene is the only product of this enzyme from Solanum lycopersicum.
          		 2 G5CV45 G5CV46
          Beta-phellandrene synthase (neryl-diphosphate-cyclizing). [EC: 4.2.3.51]
          Neryl diphosphate = beta-phellandrene + diphosphate.
          • The enzyme from Solanum lycopersicum has very poor affinity with geranyl diphosphate as substrate.
          • Catalyzes the formation of the acyclic myrcene and ocimene as major products in addition to beta-phellandrene.
          		 2 C1K5M3 R9R6F4
          Stemod-13(17)-ene synthase. [EC: 4.2.3.34]
          9-alpha-copalyl diphosphate = stemod-13(17)-ene + diphosphate.
          • Catalyzes the committed step in the biosynthesis of the stemodane family of diterpenoid secondary metabolites, some of which possess mild antiviral activity.
          • Also produces stemod-12-ene and stemar-13-ene as minor products.
          		 2 A0A0E0IQZ4 Q1AHB2
          Peroxidase. [EC: 1.11.1.7]
          2 phenolic donor + H(2)O(2) = 2 phenoxyl radical of the donor + 2 H(2)O.
            		 2 A5B314 A5B314
            (+)-gamma-cadinene synthase. [EC: 4.2.3.92]
            (2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate = (+)-gamma-cadinene + diphosphate.
            • The cloned enzyme from the melon, Cucumis melo, gave mainly delta- and gamma-cadinene with traces of several other sesquiterpenoids cf. EC 4.2.3.62 and EC 4.2.3.13.
            		 2 B2KSJ5 Q5SBP5
            Patchoulol synthase. [EC: 4.2.3.70]
            (2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate + H(2)O = patchoulol + diphosphate.
              		 2 Q49SP3 W8NXF3
              Cis-abienol synthase. [EC: 4.2.3.140]
              (13E)-8-alpha-hydroxylabd-13-en-15-yl diphosphate = cis-abienol + diphosphate.
              • Isolated from the plants Abies balsamea (balsam fir) and Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco).
              		 2 G3CCC1 H8ZM73
              (E,E)-germacrene B synthase. [EC: 4.2.3.71]
              (2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate = (E,E)-germacrene B + diphosphate.
                		 2 O64404 Q9FQ27
                Beta-sesquiphellandrene synthase. [EC: 4.2.3.123]
                (2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate = beta-sesquiphellandrene + diphosphate.
                  		 2 C5YHI1 C5YHI2
                  (-)-endo-fenchol synthase. [EC: 4.2.3.10]
                  Geranyl diphosphate = (-)-endo-fenchol + diphosphate.
                  • (3R)-linalyl diphosphate is an intermediate in the reaction.
                  • Formerly EC 4.6.1.8.
                  		 1 Q5SBP2
                  Sesquithujene synthase. [EC: 4.2.3.102]
                  (2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate = sesquithujene + diphosphate.
                  • The enzyme from Zea mays, variety Delprim, gives mainly sesquithujene with (S)-beta-bisabolene and (E)-beta-farnesene plus traces of other sesquiterpenoids, cf. EC 4.2.3.55 and EC 4.2.3.47.
                  • The exact product ratio is dependent on which metal ion is present.
                  		 1 Q6JD70
                  Cis-muuroladiene synthase. [EC: 4.2.3.67]
                  (1) (2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate = cis-muurola-3,5-diene + diphosphate. (2) (2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate = cis-muurola-4(14),5-diene + diphosphate.
                  • The recombinant enzyme from black peppermint (Mentha x piperita) gave a mixture of cis-muurola-3,5-diene (45%) and cis-muurola-4(14),5- diene (43%).
                  		 1 Q5W283
                  (13E)-labda-7,13-dien-15-ol synthase. [EC: 3.1.7.10]
                  Geranylgeranyl diphosphate + H(2)O = (13E)-labda-7,13-dien-15-ol + diphosphate.
                  • The enzyme from the lycophyte Selaginella moellendorffii is bifunctional, initially forming (13E)-labda-7,13-dien-15-yl diphosphate, which is hydrolyzed to the alcohol.
                  		 1 G1DGI7
                  (+)-alpha-santalene synthase ((2Z,6Z)-farnesyl diphosphate cyclizing). [EC: 4.2.3.50]
                  (2Z,6Z)-farnesyl diphosphate = (+)-alpha-santalene.
                  • The enzyme synthesizes a mixture of sesquiterpenoids from (2Z,6Z)- farnesyl diphosphate.
                  • Following dephosphorylation of (2Z,6Z)-farnesyl diphosphate, the (2Z,6Z)-farnesyl carbocation is converted to either the (6R)- or the (6S)-bisabolyl cations depending on the stereochemistry of the 6,1 closure.
                  • The (6R)-bisabolyl cation will then lead to the formation of (+)- alpha-santalene (EC 4.2.3.50), while the (6S)-bisabolyl cation will give rise to (+)-endo-beta-bergamotene (see EC 4.2.3.53) as well as (-)-endo-alpha-bergamotene (see EC 4.2.3.54).
                  • Small amounts of (-)-epi-beta-santalene are also formed from the (6R)-bisabolyl cation and small amounts of (-)-exo-alpha-bergamotene are formed from the (6S)-bisabolyl cation.
                  		 1 B8XA41
                  Beta-eudesmol synthase. [EC: 4.2.3.68]
                  (2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate + H(2)O = beta-eudesmol + diphosphate.
                  • The recombinant enzyme from ginger (Zingiber zerumbet) gives 62.6% beta-eudesmol, 16.8% 10-epi-gamma-eudesmol (cf. EC 4.2.3.84), 10% alpha-eudesmol (cf. EC 4.2.3.85), and 5.6% aristolene.
                  		 1 B1B1U4
                  Miltiradiene synthase. [EC: 4.2.3.131]
                  (+)-copalyl diphosphate = miltiradiene + diphosphate.
                  • Isolated from the plants Rosmarinus officinalis (rosemary) and Salvia miltiorrhiza.
                  • The enzyme from the plant Selaginella moellendorffii is mutifunctional and also catalyzes EC 5.5.1.12.
                  		 1 G9MAN7
                  Monoterpenyl-diphosphatase. [EC: 3.1.7.3]
                  A monoterpenyl diphosphate + H(2)O = a monoterpenol + diphosphate.
                  • A group of enzymes with varying specificity for the monoterpenol moiety.
                  • One has highest activity on sterically-hindered compounds such as (+)-bornyl diphosphate; another has highest activity on the diphosphates of primary alylic alcohols such as geraniol.
                  		 1 J9PZR5
                  (+)-bornyl diphosphate synthase. [EC: 5.5.1.8]
                  Geranyl diphosphate = (+)-bornyl diphosphate.
                  • The enzyme from Salvia officinalis (sage) can also use (3R)-linalyl diphosphate or more slowly neryl diphosphate in vitro.
                  • The reaction proceeds via isomeration of geranyl diphosphate to (3R)- linalyl diphosphate.
                  • The oxygen and phosphorus originally linked to C-1 of geranyl diphosphate end up linked to C-2 of (+)-bornyl diphosphate.
                  • cf. EC 5.5.1.22.
                  		 1 O81192
                  (+)-endo-beta-bergamotene synthase ((2Z,6Z)-farnesyl diphosphate cyclizing). [EC: 4.2.3.53]
                  (2Z,6Z)-farnesyl diphosphate = (+)-endo-beta-bergamotene.
                  • The enzyme synthesizes a mixture of sesquiterpenoids from (2Z,6Z)- farnesyl diphosphate.
                  • Following dephosphorylation of (2Z,6Z)-farnesyl diphosphate, the (2Z,6Z)-farnesyl carbocation is converted to either the (6R)- or the (6S)-bisabolyl cations depending on the stereochemistry of the 6,1 closure.
                  • The (6R)-bisabolyl cation will then lead to the formation of (+)- alpha-santalene (see EC 4.2.3.50), while the (6S)-bisabolyl cation will give rise to (-)-endo-alpha-bergamotene (see EC 4.2.3.54), as well as (+)-endo-beta-bergamotene.
                  • Small amounts of (-)-epi-beta-santalene are also formed from the (6R)-bisabolyl cation and small amounts of (-)-exo-alpha-bergamotene are formed from the (6S)-bisabolyl cation.
                  		 1 B8XA41
                  Gamma-humulene synthase. [EC: 4.2.3.56]
                  Farnesyl-diphosphate = gamma-humulene + diphosphate.
                  • Has a broad product range.
                  • While gamma-humulene is the major product, sibirene, longifolene, beta-himachalene, gamma-himachalene and alpha-himachalene are produced in appreciable amounts and further 47 other minor products can also be detected.
                  • The enzyme can use geranyl diphosphate as a substrate, producing mainly limonene and terpinolene as the major products.
                  • Formerly EC 4.2.3.n3.
                  		 1 O64405
                  (-)-endo-alpha-bergamotene synthase ((2Z,6Z)-farnesyl diphosphate cyclizing). [EC: 4.2.3.54]
                  (2Z,6Z)-farnesyl diphosphate = (-)-endo-alpha-bergamotene.
                  • The enzyme synthesizes a mixture of sesquiterpenoids from (2Z,6Z)- farnesyl diphosphate.
                  • Following dephosphorylation of (2Z,6Z)-farnesyl diphosphate, the (2Z,6Z)-farnesyl carbocation is converted to either the (6R)- or the (6S)-bisabolyl cations depending on the stereochemistry of the 6,1 closure.
                  • The (6R)-bisabolyl cation will then lead to the formation of (+)- alpha-santalene (see EC 4.2.3.50), while the (6S)-bisabolyl cation will give rise to (+)-endo-beta-bergamotene (EC 4.2.3.53) as well as (-)-endo-alpha-bergamotene.
                  • Small amounts of (-)-epi-beta-santalene are also formed from the (6R)-bisabolyl cation and small amounts of (-)-exo-alpha-bergamotene are formed from the (6S)-bisabolyl cation (1).
                  		 1 B8XA41
                  Epi-cedrol synthase. [EC: 4.2.3.39]
                  (2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate + H(2)O = 8-epi-cedrol + diphosphate.
                  • Similar to many other plant terpenoid synthases, this enzyme produces many products from a single substrate.
                  • The predominant product is the cyclic sesquiterpenoid alcohol, 8-epi- cedrol, with minor products including cedrol and the olefins alpha- cedrene, beta-cedrene, (E)-beta-farnesene and (E)-alpha-bisabolene.
                  		 1 Q9LLR9
                  Alpha-terpinene synthase. [EC: 4.2.3.115]
                  Geranyl diphosphate = alpha-terpinene + diphosphate.
                  • The enzyme has been characterized from Dysphania ambrosioides (American wormseed).
                  • The enzyme will also use (3R)-linalyl diphosphate.
                  • The reaction involves a 1,2-hydride shift.
                  • The 1-pro-(S) hydrogen of geranyl diphosphate is lost.
                  		 1 E2E2P0
                  Thujopsene synthase. [EC: 4.2.3.79]
                  (2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate = (+)-thujopsene + diphosphate.
                  • The recombinant enzyme from the plant Arabidopsis thaliana produces 27.3% (+)-alpha-barbatene, 17.8% (+)-thujopsene and 9.9% (+)-beta- chamigrene plus traces of other sesquiterpenoids.
                  • See EC 4.2.3.69 and EC 4.2.3.78.
                  		 1 Q4KSH9
                  Valencene synthase. [EC: 4.2.3.73]
                  (2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate = (+)-valencene + diphosphate.
                  • The recombinant enzyme from Vitis vinifera gave 49.5% (+)-valencene and 35.5% (-)-7-epi-alpha-selinene.
                  • Initial cyclization gives (+)-germacrene A in an enzyme bound form which is not released to the medium.
                  		 1 Q6Q3H2
                  (4S)-beta-phellandrene synthase (geranyl-diphosphate-cyclizing). [EC: 4.2.3.52]
                  Geranyl diphosphate = (4S)-beta-phellandrene + diphosphate.
                  • Mg(2+) is not effective.
                  • Some (-)-alpha-phellandrene is also formed.
                  • The reaction involves a 1,3-hydride shift.
                  • Formerly EC 4.2.3.n5.
                  		 1 Q9M7D1
                  Alpha-muurolene synthase. [EC: 4.2.3.125]
                  (2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate = alpha-muurolene + diphosphate.
                  • The enzyme has been characterized from the fungus Coprinus cinereus.
                  • Also gives germacrene A and gamma-muurolene, see EC 4.2.3.23 and EC 4.2.3.126.
                  		 1 Q4U3F6
                  (+)-alpha-barbatene synthase. [EC: 4.2.3.69]
                  (2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate = (+)-alpha-barbatene + diphosphate.
                  • The recombinant enzyme from the plant Arabidopsis thaliana produces 27.3% alpha-barbatene, 17.8% thujopsene (cf. EC 4.2.3.79) and 9.9% beta-chamigrene (cf. 4.2.3.78) plus traces of other sesquiterpenoids.
                  		 1 Q4KSH9
                  (+)-camphene synthase. [EC: 4.2.3.116]
                  Geranyl diphosphate = (+)-camphene + diphosphate.
                  • Cyclase I of Salvia officinalis (sage) gives about equal parts (+)- camphene and (+)-alpha-pinene.
                  • (3R)-linalyl diphosphate can also be used by the enzyme in preference to (3S)-linalyl diphosphate.
                  • See also EC 4.2.3.121.
                  		 1 O81192
                  7-epi-sesquithujene synthase. [EC: 4.2.3.101]
                  (2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate = 7-epi-sesquithujene + diphosphate.
                  • The enzyme from Zea mays, variety B73, gives mainly 7-epi- sesquithujene with (S)-beta-bisabolene and traces of other sesquiterpenoids, cf. EC 4.2.3.55.
                  • The product ratio is dependent on which metal ion is present.
                  • 7-epi-sesquithujene is an attractant for the emerald ash borer beetle.
                  		 1 Q6JD73
                  Valerena-4,7(11)-diene synthase. [EC: 4.2.3.139]
                  (2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate = valerena-4,7(11)-diene + diphosphate.
                  • Isolated from the plant Valeriana officinalis (valerian).
                  		 1 J9R5V4
                  Copal-8-ol diphosphate hydratase. [EC: 4.2.1.133]
                  (13E)-8-alpha-hydroxylabd-13-en-15-yl diphosphate = geranylgeranyl diphosphate + H(2)O.
                  • The enzyme was characterized from the plant Cistus creticus subsp. creticus.
                  • Formerly EC 3.1.7.4 and EC 5.5.1.21.
                  		 1 H8ZM73
                  Beta-chamigrene synthase. [EC: 4.2.3.78]
                  (2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate = (+)-beta-chamigrene + diphosphate.
                  • The recombinant enzyme from the plant Arabidopsis thaliana produces 27.3% (+)-alpha-barbatene, 17.8% (+)-thujopsene and 9.9% (+)-beta- chamigrene plus traces of other sesquiterpenoids.
                  • See EC 4.2.3.69 and EC 4.2.3.79.
                  		 1 Q4KSH9
                  Longifolene synthase. [EC: 4.2.3.58]
                  (2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate = longifolene + diphosphate.
                  • As well as 61% longifolene the enzyme gives 15% of alpha-longipinene, 6% longicyclene and traces of other sesquiterpenoids.
                  		 1 Q675L0
                  1,8-cineole synthase. [EC: 4.2.3.108]
                  Geranyl diphosphate + H(2)O = 1,8-cineole + diphosphate.
                  • 1,8-cineole is the main product from the enzyme with just traces of other monoterpenoids.
                  • The oxygen atom is derived from water.
                  • The reaction proceeds via linalyl diphosphate and alpha-terpineol, the stereochemistry of both depends on the organism.
                  • However neither intermediate can substitute for geranyl diphosphate.
                  • The reaction in Salvia officinalis (sage) proceeds via (-)-(3R)- linalyl diphosphate while that in Arabidopsis (rock cress) proceeds via (+)-(3S)-linalyl diphosphate.
                  		 1 O81191
                  Transferred entry: 4.2.3.13. [EC: 4.6.1.11]
                    		1 Q9LKN1
                    (+)-delta-selinene synthase. [EC: 4.2.3.76]
                    (2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate = (+)-delta-selinene + diphosphate.
                    • Initial cyclization gives germacrene C in an enzyme bound form which is not released to the medium.
                    • Formerly EC 4.2.3.n2.
                    		 1 O64404
                    Ent-sandaracopimaradiene synthase. [EC: 4.2.3.29]
                    Ent-copalyl diphosphate = ent-sandaracopimara-8(14),15-diene + diphosphate.
                    • Ent-sandaracopimaradiene is a precursor of the rice oryzalexins A-F.
                    • Phytoalexins are diterpenoid secondary metabolites that are involved in the defense mechanism of the plant, and are produced in response to pathogen attack through the perception of elicitor signal molecules such as chitin oligosaccharide, or after exposure to UV irradiation.
                    • As a minor product, this enzyme also forms ent-pimara-8(14),15-diene, which is the sole product of EC 4.2.3.30.
                    • Ent-pimara-8(14),15-diene is not a precursor in the biosynthesis of either gibberellins or phytoalexins.
                    		 1 Q2QQJ5
                    (+)-epi-alpha-bisabolol synthase. [EC: 4.2.3.138]
                    (2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate + H(2)O = (+)-epi-alpha-bisabolol + diphosphate.
                    • Isolated from the plant Phyla dulcis (Aztec sweet herb).
                    • (+)-epi-alpha-bisabolol is the precursor of the sweetener hernandulcin.
                    		 1 J7LH11
                    Cembrene A synthase. [EC: 4.2.3.150]
                    Geranylgeranyl diphosphate = (R)-cembrene A + diphosphate.
                    • Isolated from the bacterium Streptomyces sp. SANK 60404.
                    • This trifunctional enzyme also produces (R)-nephthenol and (1S,4E,8E,12E)-2,2,5,9,13-pentamethylcyclopentadeca-4,8,12-trien-1-ol (cf. EC 4.2.3.149 and EC 4.2.3.151).
                    		 1 A0A1L5JYS1
                    10-epi-gamma-eudesmol synthase. [EC: 4.2.3.84]
                    (2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate + H(2)O = 10-epi-gamma-eudesmol + diphosphate.
                    • The recombinant enzyme from ginger (Zingiber zerumbet) gives 62.6% beta-eudesmol, 16.8% 10-epi-gamma-eudesmol, 10% alpha-eudesmol, and 5.6% aristolene.
                    • Cf. EC 4.2.3.68 and EC 4.2.3.85.
                    		 1 B1B1U4
                    Selinene synthase. [EC: 4.2.3.n11]
                    (1) (2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate = alpha-selinene + diphosphate. (2) (2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate = beta-selinene + diphosphate.
                      		 1 Q5SBP7
                      Germacradienol synthase. [EC: 4.2.3.22]
                      (2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate + H(2)O = (1E,4S,5E,7R)-germacra-1(10),5- dien-11-ol + diphosphate.
                      • H-1si of farnesyl diphosphate is lost in the formation of (1E,4S,5E,7R)-germacra-1(10),5-dien-11-ol.
                      • Formation of (-)-germacrene D involves a stereospecific 1,3-hydride shift of H-1si of farnesyl diphosphate.
                      • Both products are formed from a common intermediate.
                      • The enzyme mediates a key step in the biosynthesis of geosmin (see EC 4.1.99.16), a widely occurring metabolite of many streptomycetes, bacteria and fungi.
                      • Also catalyzes the reaction of EC 4.2.3.75.
                      		 1 Q6Q3H3
                      7-epi-alpha-selinene synthase. [EC: 4.2.3.86]
                      (2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate = 7-epi-alpha-selinene + diphosphate.
                      • The recombinant enzyme from Vitis vinifera forms 49.5% (+)-valencene (cf. EC 4.2.3.73) and 35.5% (-)-7-epi-alpha-selinene.
                      • Initial cyclization gives (+)-germacrene A in an enzyme bound form which is not released to the medium.
                      		 1 Q6Q3H2
                      Ent-pimara-8(14),15-diene synthase. [EC: 4.2.3.30]
                      Ent-copalyl diphosphate = ent-pimara-8(14),15-diene + diphosphate.
                      • Unlike EC 4.2.3.29 which can produce both ent-sandaracopimaradiene and ent-pimara-8(14),15-diene, this diterpene cyclase produces only ent-pimara-8(14),15-diene.
                      • Ent-pimara-8(14),15-diene is not a precursor in the biosynthesis of either gibberellins or phytoalexins.
                      		 1 Q6Z5J6
                      (+)-germacrene D synthase. [EC: 4.2.3.77]
                      (2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate = (+)-germacrene D + diphosphate.
                      • The formation of (+)-germacrene D involves a 1,2-hydride shift whereas for (-)-germacrene D there is a 1,3-hydride shift (see EC 4.2.3.75).
                      		 1 Q0VHD6
                      Alpha-eudesmol synthase. [EC: 4.2.3.85]
                      (2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate + H(2)O = alpha-eudesmol + diphosphate.
                      • The recombinant enzyme from ginger (Zingiber zerumbet) gives 62.6% beta-eudesmol, 16.8% 10-epi-gamma-eudesmol, 10% alpha-eudesmol, and 5.6% aristolene.
                      • Cf. EC 4.2.3.68 and EC 4.2.3.84.
                      		 1 B1B1U4
                      (S)-beta-bisabolene synthase. [EC: 4.2.3.55]
                      (2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate = (S)-beta-bisabolene + diphosphate.
                      • The synthesis of (S)-beta-macrocarpene from (2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate proceeds in two steps.
                      • The first step is the cyclization to (S)-beta-bisabolene.
                      • The second step is the isomerization to (S)-beta-macrocarpene (cf. EC 5.5.1.17, (S)-beta-macrocarpene synthase).
                      		 1 D2YZP9
                      Geranyllinalool synthase. [EC: 4.2.3.144]
                      Geranylgeranyl diphosphate + H(2)O = (E,E)-geranyllinalool + diphosphate.
                      • The enzyme is a component of the herbivore-induced indirect defense system.
                      • The product, (E,E)-geranyllinalool, is a precursor to the volatile compound 4,8,12-trimethyl-1,3,7,11-tridecatetraene (TMTT), which is released by many plants in response to damage.
                      		 1 Q93YV0
                      (E)-gamma-bisabolene synthase. [EC: 4.2.3.59]
                      (2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate = (E)-gamma-bisabolene + diphosphate.
                        		 1 Q4QSN4
                        Kunzeaol synthase. [EC: 4.2.3.143]
                        (2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate + H(2)O = kunzeaol + diphosphate.
                        • Isolated from the root of the plant Thapsia garganica.
                        • The enzyme also produces germacrene D, bicyclogermacrene and traces of other sesquiterpenoids.
                        • See EC 4.2.3.77 and EC 4.2.3.100.
                        		 1 K4LMW2
                        Alpha-bisabolene synthase. [EC: 4.2.3.38]
                        (2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate = (E)-alpha-bisabolene + diphosphate.
                        • While unlikely to encounter geranyl diphosphate (GDP) in vivo as it is localized to plastids, the enzyme can use GDP as a substrate in vitro to produce (+)-(4R)-limonene (cf. EC 4.2.3.20).
                        • Induced as part of a defense mechanism in the grand fir Abies grandis as a response to stem wounding.
                        • Formerly EC 4.2.3.n1.
                        		 1 O81086
                        Stemar-13-ene synthase. [EC: 4.2.3.33]
                        9-alpha-copalyl diphosphate = stemar-13-ene + diphosphate.
                        • This diterpene cyclase produces stemar-13-ene, a putative precursor of the rice phytoalexin oryzalexin S.
                        • Phytoalexins are diterpenoid secondary metabolites that are involved in the defense mechanism of the plant, and are produced in response to pathogen attack through the perception of elicitor signal molecules such as chitin oligosaccharide, or after exposure to UV irradiation.
                        		 1 Q6BDZ9
                        Beta-cubebene synthase. [EC: 4.2.3.128]
                        (2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate = beta-cubebene + diphosphate.
                        • Isolated from the fungus Coprinus cinereus.
                        • The enzyme also forms (+)-delta-cadinene, beta-copaene, (+)-sativene and traces of several other sequiterpenoids.
                        • It is found in many higher plants such as Magnolia grandiflora (Southern Magnolia) together with germacrene A.
                        • See EC 4.2.3.13 EC 4.2.3.127 EC 4.2.3.129 and EC 4.2.3.23.
                        		 1 B3TPQ6
                        Alpha-isocomene synthase. [EC: 4.2.3.136]
                        (2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate = (-)-alpha-isocomene + diphosphate.
                        • Isolated from the roots of the plant Matricaria chamomilla var. recutita (chamomile).
                        • The enzyme also produced traces of five other sesquiterpenoids.
                        		 1 I6R4V5
                        CATH-Gene3D is a Global Biodata Core Resource Learn more...