The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein.

The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein.

The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein.

The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein.

Any process that modulates the rate of GTP hydrolysis by a GTPase.

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of platelet aggregation. Platelet aggregation is the adhesion of one platelet to one or more other platelets via adhesion molecules.

The cellular process in which a signal is conveyed to trigger a change in the activity or state of a cell. Signal transduction begins with reception of a signal (e.g. a ligand binding to a receptor or receptor activation by a stimulus such as light), or for signal transduction in the absence of ligand, signal-withdrawal or the activity of a constitutively active receptor. Signal transduction ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. regulation of transcription or regulation of a metabolic process. Signal transduction covers signaling from receptors located on the surface of the cell and signaling via molecules located within the cell. For signaling between cells, signal transduction is restricted to events at and within the receiving cell.

The memory process that deals with the storage, retrieval and modification of information received a short time (up to about 30 minutes) ago. This type of memory is typically dependent on direct, transient effects of second messenger activation.

The memory process that deals with the storage, retrieval and modification of information a long time (typically weeks, months or years) after receiving that information. This type of memory is typically dependent on gene transcription regulated by second messenger activation.

Behavior associated with the intake of food.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of heart contraction. Heart contraction is the process in which the heart decreases in volume in a characteristic way to propel blood through the body.

The process in which the migration of an axon growth cone of a motor neuron is directed to a specific target site in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues.

Locomotory behavior in a larval (immature) organism.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a sucrose stimulus.

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of glucose metabolism. Glucose metabolic processes are the chemical reactions and pathways involving glucose, the aldohexose gluco-hexose.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of any BMP receptor signaling pathway.

Feeding behavior in a larval (immature) organism.

Feeding behavior in a larval (immature) organism.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a response to a food stimulus.

A decrease in a behavioral response to a repeated stimulus. This is exemplified by the failure of a person to show a startle response to a loud noise that has been repeatedly presented.

The characteristic movement of an immature neuron from germinal zones to specific positions where they will reside as they mature.

The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein.

The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein.

The cellular process in which a signal is conveyed to trigger a change in the activity or state of a cell. Signal transduction begins with reception of a signal (e.g. a ligand binding to a receptor or receptor activation by a stimulus such as light), or for signal transduction in the absence of ligand, signal-withdrawal or the activity of a constitutively active receptor. Signal transduction ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. regulation of transcription or regulation of a metabolic process. Signal transduction covers signaling from receptors located on the surface of the cell and signaling via molecules located within the cell. For signaling between cells, signal transduction is restricted to events at and within the receiving cell.

Any process that increases the concentration of calcium ions in the cytosol.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a spermatid over time, from its formation to the mature structure.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the brain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Brain development begins with patterning events in the neural tube and ends with the mature structure that is the center of thought and emotion. The brain is responsible for the coordination and control of bodily activities and the interpretation of information from the senses (sight, hearing, smell, etc.).

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the heart over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The heart is a hollow, muscular organ, which, by contracting rhythmically, keeps up the circulation of the blood.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the larval somatic muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure.

Any biological process in an organism that recurs with a regularity of approximately 24 hours.

Behavior that is dependent upon the sensation of chemicals.

Behavior that is dependent upon the sensation of chemicals.

The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of the insulin receptor binding to insulin.

The control of viability and duration in the adult phase of the life-cycle.

Any process in an organism in which a relatively long-lasting adaptive behavioral change occurs in response to (repeated) exposure to an olfactory cue.

The physiological and developmental changes that occur in a spore following release from dormancy up to the earliest signs of growth (e.g. emergence from a spore wall).

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA). This includes the production of an RNA transcript as well as any processing to produce a mature RNA product or an mRNA (for protein-coding genes) and the translation of that mRNA into protein. Protein maturation is included when required to form an active form of a product from an inactive precursor form.

Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of cGMP-mediated signaling. cGMP-mediated signaling is a series of molecular signals in which a cell uses cyclic GMP to convert an extracellular signal into a response.

Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of cGMP-mediated signaling. cGMP-mediated signaling is a series of molecular signals in which a cell uses cyclic GMP to convert an extracellular signal into a response.

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of inositol phosphate biosynthesis. Inositol phosphate biosynthetic processes are the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of an inositol phosphate, 1,2,3,4,5,6-cyclohexanehexol, with one or more phosphate groups attached.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of glutamate.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle cell migration.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the dendrite over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A dendrite is a freely branching protoplasmic process of a nerve cell.

The phosphorylation of peptidyl-serine to form peptidyl-O-phospho-L-serine.

The phosphorylation of peptidyl-serine to form peptidyl-O-phospho-L-serine.

Any intracellular signal transduction in which the signal is passed on within the cell via cyclic GMP (cGMP). Includes production of cGMP, and downstream effectors that further transmit the signal within the cell.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cerebellum over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The cerebellum is the portion of the brain in the back of the head between the cerebrum and the pons. In mice, the cerebellum controls balance for walking and standing, modulates the force and range of movement and is involved in the learning of motor skills.

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins.

The process in which relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate and its subsequent development to the mature state.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, extent or direction of cell growth.

Any process in which an organism enters and maintains a periodic, readily reversible state of reduced awareness and metabolic activity. Usually accompanied by physical relaxation, the onset of sleep in humans and other mammals is marked by a change in the electrical activity of the brain.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of any TGF-beta receptor signaling pathway.

Feeding behavior in a larval (immature) organism.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cGMP.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the forebrain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The forebrain is the anterior of the three primary divisions of the developing chordate brain or the corresponding part of the adult brain (in vertebrates, includes especially the cerebral hemispheres, the thalamus, and the hypothalamus and especially in higher vertebrates is the main control center for sensory and associative information processing, visceral functions, and voluntary motor functions).

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression such that an expression pattern recurs with a regularity of approximately 24 hours.

The phosphorylation by a protein of one or more of its own serine amino acid residues, or a serine residue on an identical protein.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of growth of the body of an organism so that it reaches its usual body size.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of growth of an organism to reach its usual body size.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of growth of an organism to reach its usual body size.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) stimulus.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a circadian rhythm behavior.

Any process that modulates the rate of GTP hydrolysis by a GTPase.

Any process that modulates the rate of GTP hydrolysis by a GTPase.

The movement of an organism, or part of an organism, in response to an external chemical gradient, usually toward or away from it.

The movement of an organism, or part of an organism, in response to an external chemical gradient, usually toward or away from it.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y, as carried out by individual cells.

Any process that decreases cell volume.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of heart contraction.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle contraction.

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of growth of an organ of an organism.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the deposition of eggs, either fertilized or not, upon a surface or into a medium.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the deposition of eggs, either fertilized or not, upon a surface or into a medium.

The phosphorylation by a protein of one or more of its own amino acid residues (cis-autophosphorylation), or residues on an identical protein (trans-autophosphorylation).

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of calcium-mediated signaling.

The series of events required to receive a bitter taste stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. This is a neurological process.

The series of events required to receive a bitter taste stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. This is a neurological process.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a motile cell or organism in response to a specific chemical concentration gradient.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a motile cell or organism in response to a specific chemical concentration gradient.

Any process that modulates the activity of the enzyme nitric-oxide synthase.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase activity, the catalysis of the reaction: nucleotide 3',5'-cyclic phosphate + H2O = nucleotide 5'-phosphate.

A negative regulation of smooth muscle contraction resulting in relaxation of vascular smooth muscle. The relaxation is mediated by a decrease in the phosphorylation state of myosin light chain. This can be achieved by removal of calcium from the cytoplasm to the sarcoplasmic reticulum lumen through the action of Ca2+ ATPases leading to a decrease myosin light chain kinase activity, and through calcium-independent pathways leading to a increase in myosin light chain phosphatase activity.

The growth of a cardiac muscle cell, where growth contributes to the progression of the cell over time from its initial formation to its mature state.

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of dauer larval development, the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the dauer larva over time, through the facultative diapause of the dauer (enduring) larval stage, with specialized traits adapted for dispersal and long-term survival, with elevated stress resistance and without feeding.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus reflecting the presence, absence, or concentration of oxygen.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of detection of, or exposure to, a hypotonic environment, i.e. an environment with a lower concentration of solutes than the organism or cell.

A process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a fungal-type cell wall.

The process of directing proteins towards the plasma membrane; usually uses signals contained within the protein.

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of platelet aggregation. Platelet aggregation is the adhesion of one platelet to one or more other platelets via adhesion molecules.

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of platelet aggregation. Platelet aggregation is the adhesion of one platelet to one or more other platelets via adhesion molecules.

Any process that increases the diameter of blood vessels.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of oviposition.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channel activity.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of large conductance calcium-activated potassium channel activity.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of eating behavior.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cellular response to alcohol.

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cellular response to alcohol.

A response to alcohol that results in a state of tolerance to alcohol.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an odorant stimulus. An odorant is any substance capable of stimulating the sense of smell.

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an odorant stimulus. An odorant is any substance capable of stimulating the sense of smell.

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of testosterone biosynthetic process.

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of chloride transport.

The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes.

All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures.

The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins.

All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures.

The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes.

A compound membranous cytoplasmic organelle of eukaryotic cells, consisting of flattened, ribosome-free vesicles arranged in a more or less regular stack. The Golgi apparatus differs from the endoplasmic reticulum in often having slightly thicker membranes, appearing in sections as a characteristic shallow semicircle so that the convex side (cis or entry face) abuts the endoplasmic reticulum, secretory vesicles emerging from the concave side (trans or exit face). In vertebrate cells there is usually one such organelle, while in invertebrates and plants, where they are known usually as dictyosomes, there may be several scattered in the cytoplasm. The Golgi apparatus processes proteins produced on the ribosomes of the rough endoplasmic reticulum; such processing includes modification of the core oligosaccharides of glycoproteins, and the sorting and packaging of proteins for transport to a variety of cellular locations. Three different regions of the Golgi are now recognized both in terms of structure and function: cis, in the vicinity of the cis face, trans, in the vicinity of the trans face, and medial, lying between the cis and trans regions.

An enzyme complex, composed of regulatory and catalytic subunits, that catalyzes protein phosphorylation. Inactive forms of the enzyme have two regulatory chains and two catalytic chains; activation by cAMP produces two active catalytic monomers and a regulatory dimer.

A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it.

A direct connection between the cytoplasm of two cells that is formed following the completion of cleavage furrow ingression during cell division. They are usually present only briefly prior to completion of cytokinesis. However, in some cases, such as the bridges between germ cells during their development, they become stabilised.

A structure in the head of a spermatozoon that contains acid hydrolases, and is concerned with the breakdown of the outer membrane of the ovum during fertilization. It lies just beneath the plasma membrane and is derived from the lysosome.

A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent.

A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent.

That part of the nuclear content other than the chromosomes or the nucleolus.

All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures.

All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures.

The irregular network of unit membranes, visible only by electron microscopy, that occurs in the cytoplasm of many eukaryotic cells. The membranes form a complex meshwork of tubular channels, which are often expanded into slitlike cavities called cisternae. The ER takes two forms, rough (or granular), with ribosomes adhering to the outer surface, and smooth (with no ribosomes attached).

The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins.

The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins.

The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins.

The component of a membrane consisting of gene products and protein complexes that are loosely bound to one of its surfaces, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region.

A protein complex that possesses nucleotide-dependent protein kinase activity. The nucleotide can be AMP (in S. pombe and human) or ADP (in S. cerevisiae).

Either of the lipid bilayers that surround the nucleus and form the nuclear envelope; excludes the intermembrane space.